7 Insects Commonly Found on Milkweed

Natural Disasters And Manmade Disasters Essay - 1948 Words

Abstract Some or maybe all of us have been a part of some event that has taken place throughout their existence. The events that you or other people may have taken part in have been for enjoyment or for pleasure as for others or there are people who have gone through a series of events that has completely ruined their lives in a matter of days. Just to throw this out there, some events that could ruin people lives are natural disasters or manmade disasters, losing someone that you cared about most in this world. These events leave us looking hopeless, needing a sense of direction and a big contribution from the man upstairs. I’m here to talk to you about a natural disaster that happen just a little over 10 years ago and the event that had taken place was Hurricane Katrina. What comes to mind when we think of the word natural disaster? Well my take on it is that it’s a major adverse event resulting from the natural processes of the Earth. Natural disasters can claim prop erties, damage the economy, and can even result in death. You know as well as I know what happened in Hurricane Katrina. I went through it back in 2005. I’m here to research and provide a summary of the event, to examine the precautions (preparations) that were taken beforehand when the storm was still in the tropics, to take a look at how the local, state, and federal governments responded to the event and talk about the recovery process and where the state of Louisiana is today. Keywords: NaturalShow MoreRelatedCommunity Disaster Assessment and Planning Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity Disaster Assessment and Planning The potential for natural and manmade disasters is a constant threat, especially in today’s world of climate change, political upheaval, and global unrest and terrorist activity. Due to the many potentiating factors that substantially increase the potential and threat of disaster it is necessary that at a national, state, county, and community level plans are in place for immediate response and action. The threat of disaster is a global, national, stateRead MoreHow Natural Disasters Affect the Environment996 Words   |  4 PagesHow Natural Disasters Affect the Environment Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note How Natural Disasters Affect the Environment A natural hazard is a geophysical, atmospheric or hydrological event (e.g., earthquake, landslide, tsunami, windstorm, flood or drought) that has the potential to cause harm or loss, while a natural disaster is the occurrence of an extreme hazardous event that impacts on communities causing damage, disruption and casualties, and leaving theRead MoreWhat is a Disaster?888 Words   |  3 PagesThe word disaster derives its literal meaning from the French word â€Å"Desastre†, a combination of two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star, thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil star . However, it has also been defined as â€Å"any disruption of normal social and economic activity due to natural or other causes that results in widespread or severe damage, injury and/or loss of life or property† . Disasters are also defined as â€Å"a crisis situation causing wide spread damage which far exceed ourRead MoreGlobal Disaster Preparation A nd Rural Communities880 Words   |  4 PagesClosing the Gap Global Disaster Preparation and Rural Communities Aletheia LLP Rural communities have largely been left out of the discussion when it comes to disaster preparation and planning. Most global planners hail from urban areas, governments are located in urban areas, and most NGOs in the disaster sphere are headquartered in urban areas. Naturally, the urban areas are the priority of effort for funding and preparation. The responsibility for incorporating rural communities is in disputeRead MoreBusiness Continuity Plan For White House Security Staff951 Words   |  4 PagesPlan purpose The main purpose of this paper is to prepare a business continuity plan for the White House security staff during any natural or manmade disaster on geographic locations in order to carry out daily activities in an efficient and effective manner. This plan provides an effective guidelines that is required to be followed by the security staffs of White House under such circumstances in order to protect the security staffs from severe personal injuries and accidents and the CIA triad ofRead MoreDisaster Management Cycle1092 Words   |  5 PagesDisaster Preparedness and Management Assignment No. 1 [pic] Submitted to: Sir Muhammad Akmal Khan Submitted by: Tayyab Hasnain Janjua Reg # 14DD-410004 D.DRM Second Quarter Fall 2010 Disaster Management Cycle Disaster Risk Management includes sum total of all activities, programmes and measures which can be taken up before, during and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses. The three key stages of activities that areRead MoreThe Role Of Healthcare Professionals And Public Health Providers1404 Words   |  6 Pagesout the names of people missing.† (1) The above story was published by the associated press and describes a very recent natural disaster that took place in Mocoa Columbia. As a practicing physician and now being more involved in public health, the role of healthcare professionals and public health providers in disaster preparation is something I am very interested in. A disaster is defined as a â€Å"serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human, material, economicRead MoreDisaster Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"DISASTERS CREATES OPPURTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT† DISASTER: Disaster can be defined as â€Å"The occurrence of a sudden or major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society, or community.† â€Å"An event or series of events which gives rise to casualties and/or damage or loss of property, infrastructure, essential services or means of livelihood on a scale which is beyond the normal capacity of the affected community’s ability to cope with out aid.† According to UNISDRRead MoreBrain Storm : The New War On Poverty1269 Words   |  6 PagesBrain Storm: The New War on Poverty How the media portrays those living in poverty initiated many new chapters in scholarly research. Very few, however, address the media’s depiction of the poor during times of disaster (natural or manmade). The issue of poverty is mostly understood through the frames in which the media presents it. As the media continues to use episodic frames (individual causes) over thematic frames that seek to address poverty in its entirety (Iyengar, 1990), the frames deliverRead MoreThe Threat Of Emergency Response Operations1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe quote; â€Å"Threats and Vulnerabilities emanating from man-made and natural disaster are the crux of the U.S. all-hazard approach to homeland security (HS), but this approach appears to be inherently flawed.† is not true. This essay will argue that emergency response operations are at the crux of the U.S. all-hazard approach to homeland security and that this approach is not inherently flawed just not all encompassing. This i s because the emergency response operations such as crisis and consequence

Symbols Within The Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka - 1149 Words

Topic 3: Symbols Within The Metamorphosis Throughout a person’s life, multiple changes occur that can be viewed as either good or bad depending on the circumstance. Change is an unavoidable happening that shapes someone’s identity and their perception on life, and the ability to accept the changes that occur in a lifetime is what keeps living things prospering. If change can not be received favorably, then it will ultimately be the conclusion for those that can’t adapt. The inability of acceptance of change by both himself and others around him is shown in the novella The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. In the novella, Gregor has had the unfortunate alteration of being changed into a bug and he is no longer able to provide for his family. Not only does Gregor feel unable to adapt to this new change, but his family completely avoids him and sees him as a new burden for them as he is no longer worth anything in their eyes. Often when someone is faced with a large neg ative change to their life others may exile them in order to avoid facing their change. The theme of exile is shown through The Metamorphosis with symbols such as the apple, his father’s uniform, and the door. Within many literary works, the presence of religious symbols is a very common use in order to show themes such as banishment and negative ideas. In The Metamorphosis, Gregor is faced with the same form of dismissal as Adam and Eve within the bible. When Gregor’s father encounters his son in his newfoundShow MoreRelated A Portrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis1515 Words   |  7 PagesPortrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis Franz Kafka seems to have had a tough time growing up with his father, who was apparently a domineering, unapproachable man. A few years before Franzs untimely death, he wrote a long letter to his father in an attempt to address many of the lingering issues which had plagued their relationship. He may have tried through his fictional writing to reach his father prior to the letter, using a kind of metaphor code. Franz Kafka becameRead MoreFranz Kafka and Ismail Kadare861 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka and Ismail Kadare were two of the most extravagant storytellers of modern times. Franz Kafka wrote the short story, The Metamorphosis and Ismail Kadare wrote the novel, Broken April. In these two stories, there is a sense of sadness and darkness that both author’s portrayed in them. The characterization between Gregor (from The Metamorphosis) and Gjorg (from Broken April) were actually similar in comparison. The similarities are isolation, loneliness, and their father figures. NeverthelessRead More Gregor as Symbol of the Jewish Race in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis2001 Words   |  9 PagesGregor as Symbol of the Jewish Race in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis For thousands of years, the Jewish People have endured negative stereotypes such as the insects of humanity. As Sander Gilman pointed out, the Nazi Party labeled Jews as insects like lice and cockroaches, that generate general disgust among all humanity (Gilman 80).1 These derogative stereotypes, although championed by the Nazis, have their origins many centuries earlier and have appeared throughout Western culture forRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 3979 Words   |  16 PagesAustin Day Professor Imali Abala English 357 18 February 2015 The Theme of Alienation in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka in 1915 is said to be one of the greatest literary works of all time and is seen as one of Kafka’s best and most popular works of literature. A relatively short novel; the story explains how the protagonist, Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a vermin which completely estranges him from the world even moreRead MoreFamily Dynamics in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe two novels Equus and The Metamorphosis carry comparable themes which isolate the main character from the father figure within each story. Kafka and Schaffer both contrast similar ideas of rejection within a father and son relationship in Equus and The Metamorphosis, to imitate the way society policies its members through family disagreements. The family differences about religion in one novel, and the stress because of a major transformation which causes the parent to work in another, createsRead MoreFranz Kafka His Relationship with His Father Revealed in His Writing2982 Words   |  12 PagesFranz Kafka: How his relationship with his father was revealed in â€Å"A Letter to My Father†, â€Å"The Judgment†, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Franz Kafka is an icon of dark existentialist and absurdist literature that frequently wrote about themes of isolation, alienation, and authoritarian oppression. His well-known work includes the short stories The Metamorphosis, and â€Å" The Judgment.† as well as his prominent Letter to His Father, in which he attempted to clarify the tense relationship andRead MoreBreaking Down The Metamorphosis1076 Words   |  5 PagesBreaking Down The Metamorphosis Franz Kafkas beginning of his novel, The Metamorphosis, begins with what would seem a climactic moment: As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. From this point on, the reader is determined to make sense of this transformation. However, the reader later comes to realize that Gregor is actually not an insect, but this metamorphosis into a vermin was purely symbolic. It symbolizesRead MoreEssay about The Limits of Sympathy in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis1216 Words   |  5 PagesFranz Kafka, an exceptional writer of the 20th century, is the creator of many controversial pieces of literature, which still cause a great deal of debate between scholars in this modern day and age. His collection of works feature many elaborate themes such as labyrinths of bureaucracy, physical and psychological brutality, parent-child conflict and mystical transformations. Yet it is his theme of the limits of sympathy in hi s 1915 novella, The Metamorphosis, which is arguably his best work. ItRead More Kafka’s The Metamorphosis Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesKafka’s The Metamorphosis In Franz Kafka’s novella, The Metamorphosis, the travelling salesman Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning, in his family’s home, to find â€Å"himself changed in his bed into a monstrous vermin† (Kafka 3). While this immediate physical change, supported by ensuing physical imagery, suggests that the â€Å"metamorphosis† introduced in the title is purely physical, other interpretations are also possible. When the reader relies upon the extended and embedded metaphors present in thisRead MoreDehumanization and Alienation in Night and The Metamorphosis1875 Words   |  5 Pages St. Germain Tonya Morris 4/5th block 7 November, 2014 Dehumanization and Alienation For generations society has been separating and categorizing mankind into stereotypes. Everyone and anyone on earth has been placed within a prospective category. If not by race, then appearance, income, or by social standing. Although sometimes mankind takes these separations to an extreme, like trying to dispose of a thousands of people, just because of their religion and beliefs.

Sustainability Is Defined As The Capability â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sustainability Is Defined As The Capability? Answer: Introduction Sustainability is defined as the capability of biological systems in order to remain and endure diverse and productive in the long run. The main leading value for the procedure of sustainability is the schedule for maintainable and sustainable development which has different interconnected elements such as ecology, economics, politics, and culture. There are several problems which have challenged peoples reality in the expedition for the accomplishment of developmental sustainability (Hallstedt, 2017, p. 70). Such issues are usually stated by the scholars as wicked issues since they may not be defined fully and they have no concluding solutions where all the interests of stakeholders are optimal. These issues are always difficult and are continually changing necessities, and when one tries to solve a particular aspect in them, it results in rising new several issues making it very complex to get an ideal solution. Wicked issues are thus a set of specific problems which are reflected to be symptoms of other issues. For people to be in a position to come up with resolutions to sustainability issues, it is necessary to change from their conventional tactic of reasoning and develop their mental models. System thinking comes in this situation as models to assist individuals in enhancing significant resolutions to sustainability issues (Rauter, Jonker and Baumgartner, 2017, p. 146). System thinking is defined as an inter-disciplinary outline which is used to picture the interconnections for viewing different forms of change instead of static snapshots. Though system thinking is an old aspect, it is always referred to as the new method of thinking in order to manage and understand the already existing difficult issue both locally and worldwide. It is a way for development developers to conceptualize as well as act in the direction of the systematic incorporation of economic and socio-environmental proportions of sustainability. The tactic enables establishment for leveraging management difficulties comparative to other ways. It also comprises observing the entire picture as well as comprehending the broader setting while concurrently appreciating relations amongst different levels (Domingues et al., 2017, p. 300). The importance of this study is based on the fact that no wicked issue which occurs in isolation, but all situations are part of the vast structure of interrelated networks, and thus systems thinking method is significant while creating resolutions for such issues. The reason is that an individual may not understand the behavior of a particular system by examining a few of its sections but rather the entire system (Kauflin, 2017, p. 1). This essay seeks to assess the function of systems thinking in local and global sustainability issues as well as drawing attention to one of the wicked challenges. Personally, I agree with the stated statement that systems thinking is critical in developing solutions to sustainability challenges, since the method shows a systematic approach to address problems. A system thinker usually tries to observe beyond the level of microscopic details of an issue to the set of connections in which they are related. This paper analyses the methods in which the t actic addresses the issues through its major phases such as diagnosing the issue so as to view how it may be solved, as well as implementing resolutions with known results. Specific attention will be drawn to the wicked issue of domestic violence while striving to appraise the significance of systems thinking in dealing with the problem. Focusing on systems thinking, solving the wicked issues of sustainability like domestic violence needs two important components. Form bigger system flexibility for the natural surrounding as well as subsequently reconsidering leadership so as to make it appropriate for dealing with the difficulties of all the combined methods (Hubeau et al., 2017, p.62). Contrasting to the conventional methods of thinking, the systems thinking often put stress on the effects and causes in the systems and the way they are mutually reliant to each other. The tactic may, therefore, assist people to get an in-depth comprehending of the connection in the actual world systems as well as solving the sustainability problems by further comprehending the wicked issue system dynamics. This paper thus concentrates on the use of systems thinking method in order to ensure families are stable and no issues of domestic violence. Sustainable development tries to take along together its 3 elements in balance. Neverthe less, priority is offered to two of its major concepts that are the economy and the culture. The wicked issue of domestic violence lies under the cultural aspect of sustainability. Looking at domestic violence, system thinking often demands that people should diagnose the issue on the table in its different forms and then see ways in which it can be solved. Looking at domestic violence, very many people in marriages go through domestic violence, and some have a tendency of keeping quiet and not speaking out about this issue because they are afraid of the way other people will perceive them. Focusing on the statistics, they show that women are more likely to be the victims of domestic violence caused by their intimate partners with 85% and men are only 15%. Several women have been held confined with the issue of domestic abuse whether through financial abuse, physical abuse, emotional or psychological abuse or a combination of the three issues (Robinson, 2010, p.311). Evidently, we have witnessed stories concerning the issue from athletes beating their spouses publicly or at home or even celebrities abusing their girlfriends in front of everyone. Research shows that there are many causes of violence and it brings when both partners disagree on an issue, and since women are most likely to be the victims, the husband may end up beating his wife out of anger. Most husbands feel superior, and they use their superiority to abuse their wives even over a little argument. Another cause is when one partner threatens the other one that she will leave him. Men abuse their wives after they are threatened that they will leave and they do this to scare them from leaving and obey whatever they are told (Koenen et al., 2017, p. 309). When the husband has financial issues, he may turn out to be violence in order to protect his ego. Some husbands use their wives as tools to get rid of the stress at their workplace, and after arriving at home, they only cause violence without caring about their children and the wife. Domestic violence is related to many diseases such as depression and hypertension due to stress and lack of peace at home. Additionally, it als o affects the victim and particularly children in that family. The features of systems are that all the sections should be there and that it needs a particular organization as well as purpose. Following the arrangement of how domestic abuse starts, it may begin with the abuser threatening to abuse the victim, but the victim takes it for granted. The abuser may also start showing signs of being jealous at the beginning of the relationship, and he might equate jealousy with a lot of love such that the victim may not suspect anything wrong. The abuser may question the victim the person she has been talking to and accuses her of flirting or become jealous of the time she has spent with others. He might have controlling behavior such as restricting her from visiting her parents. The victim may also be denied a chance to make her decisions and be forced to do something that she is not comfortable doing. When the controlling behavior persists, the abuser takes control of the finances of the victim such that all the money of the victim goes to the abuse r. The abuser might start making the victim to isolate from her friends and family such that he blames them whenever something goes wrong in their relationship or marriage. These abusers have a tendency of blaming others due to their own problems or feelings, and mostly they put the blame of their wives. After all these signs, the abuser starts to be violent, and it affects both the wife and the children physically or psychologically (Hearn, 2013, p.169). Thus, peace in the family, and being emotionally fit depends on the relationship at home between couples hence there is need to get ways of solving the problem of domestic violence. It is using systems thinking which we are in a position to analyze and identify the features which result to the lead to the wicked issue. The method also qualifies us to develop a good relationship with our families and recognize how domestic violence is likely to affect us in the whole family. Thus, system thinking is important in establishing resolut ions to sustainability problems (Phillips and Vandenbroek, 2014, p.42). The major focus of system thinking is to help in solving problems and exclusive comprehending of the difficult actual world systems like the explained domestic violence issue. By concentrating on the problem, short term resolutions may be developed easily. Several efforts have been realized to help control the issue of domestic violence. Many organizations in the world have come, and they deal in rescuing victims of domestic violence and offering free houses and counseling processes (Wijethilake, 2017, p. 580). For example, the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV) is usually the voice of all survivors and victims of domestic violence. Their mission is that they are the catalyst for a changing society in order to have zero tolerance regarding domestic violence. They do that by affecting the policy of the public, increasing the understanding of the effect of domestic violence as well as offering education and programs which drive the targeted change. The organization ed ucates the society concerning the effects of domestic violence, and they help to reduce its occurrence thus creating peace in families. However, there are efforts of restoring broken marriages due to violence. The capability to see the system of the wicked issue thus results to the leveraging of solutions that in the aspect of domestic violence offers us an idea of the way we may make a better arrangement in order to make sure that there is sustainable control of the issue of domestic violence. Decision makers in our society rely on the formation of more effective mental representations in order to understand the interconnections of the elements of the system and the way they influence people whether indirectly or directly. The survival of people is reliant on the constant development of system thinking (Allais, Roucoules and Reyes, 2017, p. 221). Nonetheless, it is complex to understand and learn concerning the complicated systems which one is still living in them. System thinking concerns taking one step away from the system and observe it from another perspective from outside. People have no otherwise, but they should rethink about their leadership in order to make it suitable to decide the crucial complexities of cooperative methods to deal with (Fritz, Schggl and Baumgartner, 2017, p.591). Furthermore, improving system resilience improves the entire complexity of the system and therefore results to the necessity of effective understanding, coordination, and good leader ship innovation in different organizations of investors. The necessity of working together with organizations increases because all have a common goal of ending domestic violence and it gives the leaders a new challenge. Conclusion In conclusion, it is greatly understood that sustainability problems which are faced by people currently are so complex to tackle due to the way they are difficult. Additionally, it is also understood that neither single solutions nor single firms may be optimal to solve these problems. It calls for system thinking in order to advocate for resilience as well as good leadership in striving to tackle the sustainability problems. Policy makers must, therefore, form legislations which may impact positive changes in our society since it is the only easy method to sustainability. Wicked issues are thus a set of specific problems which are reflected to be symptoms of other issues. For people to be in a position to come up with resolutions to sustainability issues, it is necessary to change from their conventional tactic of reasoning and develop their mental models. Additionally, leaders require acting with their wisdom which assimilates true systems moral imagination, understanding and gene ral sensibility. Main funding firms, institutions, and governments must be encouraged to support programs which may establish new accomplished leaders who may comprehend the dynamics of the system and be in a position to deal with cultural issues. Therefore, with the information provided, I support the statement that systems thinking is critical in developing solutions References Allais R Roucoules L and Reyes T (2017) Governance maturity grid: a transition method for integrating sustainability into companies?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp. 213226. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.069. Domingues A R Lozano R Ceulemans K and Ramos T B (2017) Sustainability reporting in public sector organisations: Exploring the relation between the reporting process and organisational change management for sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, 192, pp. 292301. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.074. Fritz M M C Schggl J P and Baumgartner R J (2017) Selected sustainability aspects for supply chain data exchange: Towards a supply chain-wide sustainability assessment, Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, pp. 587607. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.080. Hallstedt S I (2017) Sustainability criteria and sustainability compliance index for decision support in product development, Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp. 251266. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.068. Hearn J (2013) The sociological significance of domestic violence: Tensions, paradoxes and implications, Current Sociology, 61(2), pp. 152170. doi: 10.1177/0011392112456503. Hubeau M Marchand F Coteur I Mondelaers K Debruyne L and Van Huylenbroeck,G (2017) A new agri-food systems sustainability approach to identify shared transformation pathways towards sustainability, Ecological Economics, 131, pp. 5263. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.019. Kauflin J (2017) The Worlds Most Sustainable Companies 2017, Forbes. doi: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryndill/2016/01/22/the-worlds-most-sustainable-companies-2016/#36d4f4e5965f. Koenen K C Moffitt T E Caspi A Taylor A and Purcell S (2017) Domestic violence is associated with environmental suppression of IQ in young children, Development and Psychopathology, 15, pp. 297311. doi: 10.1017.S0954579403000166. Phillips J and Vandenbroek P (2014) Domestic violence in Australia: an overview of the issues, Parliamentary Library Research Paper. Available at: https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/1246402/upload_binary/1246402.pdf;fileType=application/pdf#search=%22background note (parliamentary library, australia)%22%5Cnhttps://agent.capmon.com/facsnet/cgi-bin/facsserve_document.cgi/facs/p. Rauter R Jonker J and Baumgartner R J (2017) Going ones own way: drivers in developing business models for sustainability, Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp. 144154. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.104. Robinson A (2010) Domestic violence, in Handbook on Crime, pp. 245269. Wijethilake C (2017) Proactive sustainability strategy and corporate sustainability performance: The mediating effect of sustainability control systems, Journal of Environmental Management, 196, pp. 569582. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.057.

Research on the Acoustic Impedance-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the effect of the material acoustic impedance on two major scenarios. Answer: Introduction The propagation of small sound pressure waves through a medium is termed as acoustics. The area has been of great interest to the scholars as attempts are made to scientifically uncover the key aspects of the propagation phenomenon. Notably, acoustic impedance is among the issues that research scientists have focused their energy to develop the concept further with the intention to explain how the phenomenon occurs and the various parameters that can affect it for a given material. In this brief study, great attempts are made to determine the methods and applications involved. Classical deterministic models are often used to mathematically draw a scenario of acoustic impedance and how it depends on the frequency. In this paper, therefore, two methods with accompanying practical applications will be elucidated; such methods as the ultrasound with applications in the spatial compounding. Now, there are two major applications alongside the methods that are currently in use. Therefore, t he aim of this paper is to uncover the fundamental principles and practice in the study of acoustic impedance. Certainly, the paper will greatly serve as a substantive material in the furtherance of acoustic impedance concept in the practical world. Methods of measuring acoustic Impedance The 2-microphone transfer function This method is implemented using an impedance tube with two microphones situated at positions whose distance apart is known. The concept is as follows: An incident wave is propagated from loudspeaker and a reflected wave result. The standing-wave phenomenon can then be used to measure various characteristics like impedance, wavelength and frequency. It should be noted that the tube is in-situ in the set up. The plane wave is made to travel in the duct and the frequency is limited by the geometric properties of the tube such as diameter and speed of sound in air. Mathematically, the upper limit frequency, according to Chalmers (2012) must be: Fu0.58Co/d.(1) The speaker will act as a source of sound wave and the incident pressure wave is denoted PR Notably, the complex sound pressure at the microphone position is given by: P1= P1(x1) + PR(x1)= P1e-jkx1 + PRejkx1(2a) P2= P1(x2) + PR(x2)= P1ejkx2 + PRe-jkx2 The microphone would then detect the signals (both the incident and reflected pressure waves). However, due to internal amplitude and phase between the microphones, the microphone interchange method can be used to minimize this mismatch (Chalmer, 2012). Finally, the transfer function of both the incident and reflecting waves between the microphones can be derived using the general equations 3(a) and 3(b): H1= P1(x2)/P1(x1)= P1e-jkx2/P1e-jkx1= ejks3(a) HR= PR(x2/PR(x1)= PRejkx2/PRejkx1= e-jks3(b) Where s=x2-x1 The reflection coefficient R can then be determined (which is actually the ratio of the complex reflected and incident pressures. Rx=x1= H12-H1/(HR- H12)(3) But note that there is normally a portion of the incident propagating wave that is not reflected but absorbed, that is given by: = 1-/R/2.(4) The surface acoustic impedance is therefore give as: Zs= Zo(1+R)/(1-R) where Zo= PoCo acoustical characteristics impedance of air Effect of frequency on the impedance The acoustical impedance is affected by the source frequency such that low frequency sources result in lower impedance intensity hence reduced impedance level. However, best performance of the set up occurs at a particular low frequency region as given by equation 1. Besides, the diameter of the tube plays a pivotal role on the frequency range allowable in the method. Higher frequency above the given limit is often constrained by the tube diameter. Wave decomposition method In the previous method, consideration was made for plane waves only hence the model is limited to certain applications. However, here the wave decomposition method can cover the oblique-incident and normal pressure waves hence applicable to higher modal order modes (Schultz, Cattafesta Sheplak, 2006). The method depicts a one-dimensional lined duct with an excitation speaker at one end and impedance boundary on the other end. There is normally a material that will be inserted at the duct-end such that during propagation, the material produces, in part, a reflective and reactive boundary hence complex transfer function results. Mathematically, dU/dx(L, t)= -k(1/c)dy/dt(L,t).(5) Where k= complex acoustic impedance X= L,U(L,t)= fluid particle displacement at x=L C= sonic wave speed in the duct (m/s) t = time variable x= spatial variable (m) L= length of the duct (m) Hence equation 2 illustrates how the impedance can be determined using the method once the experiment is performed: Re(T)+iIm(T)= Re(k) cos [w/c(x-L)+i{Im(k)Cos{w/x(x-L)-sin[w/c(x-L)/Re(k) Cos (w/cL)+i{Im(k)cos(wl/c)+sin(wl/c)}(6) The acoustic pressure of the system is proportional to the spatial derivative of the particle displacement P(x,t)= -pc2dU/dx(x,t) Application of Acoustic Impedance The turbofan engine acoustic The two-microphone transfer function method can be used in the turbofan engine to analyze the material acoustics making up the compressor and the turbine. The model first considers the system to be such that the phenomenon occurs in lined ducts with an axial flow of the sound pressure waves. There is need to know the boundary conditions at the walls and at the treatment surfaces (Malmary Carbonne, 2001). According to Malmary Carbonne (2001) the normalized acoustic impedance is given as: Zt= 1/PoCo x (P/vn) . (1) where P= acoustic pressure at a point of the surface of the liner, v = acoustic velocity at the same point, n= normal to the surface of the liner, Co=speed of sound in air and ?= air density However, a part from the layer impedance, there is cavity impedance which must also be factored in hence the total acoustic impedance from the system is given by: Zt= Z-jcot(KL) ... (2) where K= acoustic wave number, K=w/co and L= cavity depth Therefore, critical parameters that will determine the relevance of the model in the practical sense include: the dimensional property of the attenuating medium and the flow characteristics such as mach number, frequency among others which mathematically can be represented as: Z= z(e,d,?,w,/v/, M).(3) Where w= sound pulsation /v/= amplitude of the normal acoustic velocity M= Flow Mach number However, it should be noted that the above model is linearized where the frequency characteristic relates with the acoustic impedance as follows: Firstly, for a perforated pipe, according to Malmary Carbonne (2001) the impedance is given as: Z= r+jX ..(4) Where r= (8vw)0.5/?Co(1+e/d) +1/8?(kd)2 and X= w/?Co[e+8d/3(1-0.7?0.5) +(8v/w)0.5(1+e/d)] However, as pointed out earlier, this model is not sufficient in its entirety so to speak; because the real-world acoustic systems often exhibit non-linear behavior hence a further extension to the method is necessary. However, there are other more specific methods that utilize the acoustic impedance phenomenon with their underlying applications as discussed in the next paragraphs Spatial compounding More often, acoustic impedance measurements could be used in the generation of the ultrasound images but problems of occlusions may hinder the performance in situations where the material acoustic impedance is high. Unlike the other scenarios, where the mean of the impedances can be used in a straight fashion; this case requires the beam intensity to be increased so as to overcome the material impedances. This is what is termed as spatial compounding. Hence often the material acoustic impedance will have to be known from the standardized models after which the system design will take root. Nevertheless, spatial compounding ensures that the ultrasound imaging is a near excellent result while overcoming the layer impedances during propagation (Malmary Carbonne , 2001). References Dingzeyu Li, David, I, Matusik, W Changxi Zheng, C. (2016). Acoustic Voxels: Computational Optimization of Modular Acoustic Filters. Available from: https://www.cs.columbia.edu/cg/lego/acoustic-voxels-siggraph-2016-li-et-al.pdf Malmary, C Carbonne, S. (2001). Acoustic impedance measurement with grazing flow. Available from: https://perso.univ-lemans.fr/~yauregan/publi/AIAA-2001-2193.pdf Rienstra, S.W Hirschberg, A. (2017).An Introduction to Acoustics. Eindhoven University of Technology. Available from: https://www.win.tue.nl/~sjoerdr/papers/boek.pdf Wachinger, C, Shams, R Navab, N. (2008). Estimation of Acoustic Impedance from Multiple Ultrasound Images with Application to Spatial Compounding. Available from : https://campar.in.tum.de/pub/wachinger2008impedance/wachinger2008impedance.pdf Chalmers. (2012). Evaluation of impedance tube methods - A two microphone in-situ method for road surfaces and the three-microphone transfer function method for porous materials. Available from: https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/178260/178260.pdf Utsuno, H., Toshimitsu Tanaka., T Fujikaw., T. (1989). Transfer function method for measuring characteristic impedance and propagation constant of porous materials. Available from: https://spectronics.net/resources/Technical%20Papers/Bulk%20Properties_1.pdf Yunseon, R. (no year). The Acoustic Impedance Measurement System using two microphones. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.612.6612rep=rep1type=pdf Vorlander, M. (2013). Acoustic Measurements. Available from: file:///C:/Users/Otieno/Downloads/9783540240525-c1.pdf Pcfarina. (2006). Acoustic Impedance Measurements. Available from: https://pcfarina.eng.unipr.it/Public/Standing-Wave/ebook_6_impedance.pdf Schultz,T., Cattafesta,L.N Sheplak, M. (2006). Modal decomposition method for acoustic impedance testing in square ducts. Available from: https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.2360423 Hull, J.A. (1992). A Comparison of Acoustic Impedance Measurement Techniques. Submarine Sonar Department. Available from: https://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a255566.pdf Pcfarina. 2006. Acoustic Impedance Measurements. Available from: https://pcfarina.eng.unipr.it/Public/Standing-Wave/ebook_6_impedance.pdf Spatial and Frequency Compounding in Application to Attenuation Estimation in Tissue Ziemowit KLIMONDA, Jerzy LITNIEWSKI, Piotr KARWAT, Andrzej NOWICKI Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Science. Available from: https://www.ippt.pan.pl/Repository/o2659.pdf Thesis. Chapter 3 -Basic Acoustic Modeling. Available from: https://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10232000-10320002/unrestricted/Chap3.pdf Williams, L Wilkins. 2009. Acoustic Impedance. Walters Kluwer Health. Available from: https://www4.uwsp.edu/physastr/kmenning/Phys115/Link5-09_acoustic_impedance.pdf Wolkesson, M. 2013. Evaluation of impedance tube methods - A two microphone in-situ method for road surfaces and the three microphone transfer function method for porous materials Masters Thesis in the Masters programme in Sound and Vibration. Chalmer University of Technology. Available from: https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/178260/178260.pdf

What Happens When You Write a Costco Sample Essay?

What Happens When You Write a Costco Sample Essay?A Costco sample essay can be a great source of information. They're one of the oldest and most trusted companies in the world, so it's no surprise that many companies would pay good money to have you do a sample essay for them. This article will tell you why companies are paying people to write essays and how much it's worth.Before you get started on a Costco sample essay, know that most companies require samples written by professionals. Some will hire you to work for them, others may ask you to write for them for free, and yet others will send you a check for you to cash in with your resume. Whatever the case, you need to know that if you are not using someone else's essay, you're going to have to pay to write one.A Costco sample essay might cost you a lot more than any other freelance writing job out there. Companies like Costco have an excellent reputation as corporate employers and they need writers who are well-respected in thei r field. This is why they have writers working in their customer service department, which has trained their staff to speak to customers with a degree of confidence. If you're willing to spend time doing research about what companies require of their employees and where they would want them to get hired, you could find yourself being a Costco employee!One thing you need to look for when looking for a Costco sample essay is if it will have an outline. Most people choose this option because it helps keep you focused on what the company wants you to say. You also need to remember that every company doesn't need you to use the exact same formula as they do, so make sure that you're making your writing unique to ensure you make the best impression possible.Make sure that you don't sign up for a Costco sample essay if you aren't sure you can write it. This means that if you don't have anything written, write a summary of what you would like to say and send it along to the company.Some peo ple find it helpful to take a Costco sample essay home and study it. The reason you do this is that you will be able to see how well you connect with the company's philosophy, which helps you prepare for your next assignment. By seeing what you'll need to make your resume stand out, you're better able to communicate your own feelings and ideas to the company, and you'll have a better idea of how to present yourself in your next writing assignment.Take the time to consider how your time will be spent on a Costco sample essay. This means that if you find yourself writing a company request, ask if you can write that instead. After all, the company does not need to hire a writer who has to pay to write something.

7 Ps of Banking Sector Essay Example

7 Ps of Banking Sector Essay Example 7 Ps of Banking Sector Essay 7 Ps of Banking Sector Essay Executive Summary: Nowadays, the service industry, especially banks, faces increasing competition. In such environment, differentiation is necessary. The general purpose of this thesis is to understand how a bank can achieve differentiation based on a marketing approach. Two research questions will respectively examine the three additional P’s of the marketing mix (People, Presentation or Physical Evidence and Process) and the Customer Relationship Management as possible differentiators. To fulfill the purpose, we introduce an extended model of the CRM concept, including the three additional P’s. After an analysis, it is concluded that the extended model of the CRM concept is actually used as a differentiator. However, as the major Indian bank have a similar strategy; it then appears really difficult to differentiate to a large extent. Background The importance of financial services is self-evident for the well being of economies as well as societies. Major providers of such services are banks, next to mortgage credit companies and insurance companies. Banks, in this context, are commercial retail banks, offering a wide range of financial services and even insurance. Main functions of banks are, according to Encyclopedia Britannica (2006), the provision of loans and the acceptance of deposits. Corporate customers use banks for issuing finance instruments and derivatives. The provision of, among others, instruments for saving, financing, payment mediation and risk controlling are offered in markets characterized by federal regulation and stiff competition. Due to the resulting pressure, financial service providers are forced to evaluate current strategies and to find new ways of approaching the market. The service nature of bank offers represents an additional challenge. A possible way to realize distinct offers is to promise and deliver superior solutions to the problems of customers. The fact that services cannot be patented provides great danger to imitation. Marketers must be aware of this threat and have to create offerings that are unique or only imitable at a high cost. Having such an offering provides for differentiation from competitors. In recent years, relationship marketing is an approach that has been used substantially. Marketing techniques can provide some tools for setting a bank apart from competitors, focusing less on products and more on additional services and the establishment of long term relationships with customers. Services customers in general do not buy services because of the service itself, but rather focus on potential benefits gained through that purchase. An example could be that customers of a bank do not purchase a savings product for the pure safekeeping function, but rather for the promised interest payments on it. Consumers have imperfect information and therefore rely upon assistance to gain important and valuable information from the service provider. Financial service providers must therefore offer the required assistance and use this for successful businesses. The biggest banks can be seen as their respective main competition, due to their offering of similar financial services. A way to remain competitive in the more and more complex banking environment is the use of the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) concept. The basic approach of CRM in a banking context is to center all operations of a bank on its customers, creating a CRM state of mind in an enterprise wide manner. CRM then consists of such sub-concepts as internal marketing, relationship marketing, Total Quality Management (TQM) and customer care. This underlying thesis approaches the topic of bank differentiation from a marketing perspective. However, due to the complexity of the subject of marketing, this thesis apply a Customer Relationship Management approach that is extended by three additional Ps (see theoretical framework), from the service marketing literature to narrow the focus of this study. Despite the possibility to identify a basic bank loan as a product to some extent, there is always some kind and amount of service involved when speaking about bank offerings. Therefore the terms financial service/s, financial product/s, bank service/s, bank product/s, and bank offering are used interchangeably. In recent years, financial institutions of all types are operating in an increasingly competitive market environment. In response to this volatile market environment, commercial banks have shown a renewed interest in marketing their products to their customers more effectively. To remain competitive, financial institutions, including banks of all sizes, utilize marketing tools and techniques. Relationship marketing is a way for banks to gain competitive advantage, since technical advances can be copied, whereas relationships cannot. The service nature of bank offers represents an additional challenge. The banking transactions are invisible; the transfer of money from one account to another cannot be seen and is therefore difficult to evaluate. As a result banks have to be concerned with making them known for more noticeable offerings. The two general definitions of differentiation. The first one is the ‘process of differentiating’. The second offered definition states differentiation as â€Å"development from the one to the many, the simple to the complex, or the homogeneous to the heterogeneous†. Product differentiation is defined as the marketing of slightly modified products. The aim of these products is to become irreplaceable. Products can be modified on two levels, a physical and a psychological level Modifications on a physical level include for example materials used, design and quality aspects. Advertising campaigns and reputation building for the producer are aspects that can lead to different psychological perceptions. Usually both levels of product differentiation are applied, and the use of brand names and trade marks plays an important role in this area. The concept of differentiation is described as a process of adding distinct characteristics that are not only meaningful but also valued, to the offerings of a company in order to distinguish the goods or services from the ones of competitors. A description of differentiation in a service industry context, claiming that sophisticated companies never offer their branded services as pure commodities. Differentiation at the lowest product level is extremely difficult because these basic products can easily be copied. The difference is created by differing brand relationships from those of competitors, which eads to a distinct image in the mind of a customer. A variety of possible ways of differentiation. Sophisticated companies manage to find chances to distinguish themselves from competitors at every point of customer contact. Differentiation measures such as form, durability and reparability are devoted entirely to physical aspects of products, and are therefore not applicable in service environments such as the banking sector. The aspect of the ‘physical plant’, relating to image differentiation, deals with facility design. Banks must communicate an image of safety through e. . the architecture of the building, the interior design and materials. There are basically two aspects that reason the use of differentiation: one being competitiveness and the second one being profitability. Successful differentiation increases competitiveness by creating an irreplaceable product, allowing companies to extend product life cycles. Referring to products, the delivery of performance quality has been found to be positively correlated with the Return On Investment (ROI), allowing businesses to charge higher prices for a better product. As current topic only deals with the problem of differentiation of banks from a marketing perspective to a small extent, the authors of this thesis decide to explore the concept of differentiation through the marketing approach. The marketing mix concept, consisting of the so called 4 Ps: Product, Price, Promotion, and Place (Distribution) presents the starting point of this research. However, it appeared that these traditional marketing factors are not useful in the context of financial service differentiation. Expanding the concept of the 4Ps of the marketing mix by adding three additional Ps to service environments. The marketing of services in general, relies heavily on the employees of a service provider. The very nature of service delivery requires the contact of at least one employee and the customer. Knowing this, financial service providers can identify people as a major way to make a distinct offering in the mind of its customers. Purpose The general purpose of this thesis is to understand how a bank can achieve differentiation based on a marketing approach. Questions The questions underlying this thesis are: Do the three additional P’s offer sufficient variables that can be used to achieve differentiation for SBI? How can a bank achieve differentiation from competitive banks by focusing on Customer Relationship Management? Introduction: State Bank of India (SBI) is the largest nationalized commercial bank in India in terms of assets, number of branches, deposits, profits and workforce. With the liberalization of the Indian banking industry in the mid-1990s, SBI faced stiff competition from the private sector and foreign banks which resulted in significant loss of its market share. The case describes the efforts of SBI to regain its lost market share by undergoing a major restructuring exercise which involved redesigning its branch network, providing alternate banking channels, emphasis on lean structure and technology up gradation. The case also discusses how SBI is building its image as a customer friendly bank by launching innovative products services and promoting its brand. History: The origin of SBI dates back to the early 19th century, when the Bank of Calcutta was established in Calcutta (present day Kolkata in the state of West Bengal) in June 1806 under the aegis of the Government of Bengal. Three years after its inception, the bank was renamed Bank of Bengal on receiving its charter. It was a unique banking institution as it was the first joint-stock bank in British India. Next came the Bank of Bombay in April 1840 followed by the Bank of Madras on July 1843. By 1876, the three presidency banks, together with their branches, agencies and sub-agencies, covered major inland trade centers in India. Bank of Bengal had 18 branches while the other two had 15 branches each. Initially, the business of these anks was restricted to discounting bills of exchange or other negotiable private securities, keeping cash accounts and receiving deposits and issuing and circulating cash notes. The last quarter of the 19th century witnessed rapid commercialization in India owing to the expansion of the railway network, to cover all major geographic regions of the country. The three presidency banks were both beneficiaries and promoters of this commercialization process as they became involved in the financing of practically every trading, manufacturing and mining activity in the Indian sub-continent. The three presidency banks were amalgamated in January 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India. The new bank performed the triple role of a commercial bank, a bankers bank and a banker to the government. However, the quasi-central bank role performed by the Imperial Bank ended with the formation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank of India in 1935. RBIs establishment was a catalyst in the conversion of the Imperial Bank into a purely commercial bank. At the time of Independence in 1947, the Imperial Bank had acquired a paramount position in the countrys banking industry. It had a capital base of Rs. 18. 5 mn, deposits of Rs. 2. 7514 bn and advances of Rs. 729. 4 mn. It had a network of 172 branches and over 200 sub-offices spread all over India. When the first Five Year Plan was launched in 1951, the rural sector was given top priority. The Imperial Bank and other commercial banks too operated mainly in urban areas and had not yet penetrated the rural sector. To overcome this lacuna, it was recommended that a state-partnered and state-sponsored bank be created to take over the Imperial Bank and integrate the former state-owned or state-associated banks with it 7 P’S of BANKING SECTOR ( SBI) It is very important for any bank to identify the 7 P’s of services so as to understand their customers better and provide them with best of service. The 7 P’s are: PRODUCT PRICE PLACE PROMOTION PEOPLE PROCESS PHYSICAL EVIDENCE PRODUCT MIX The product mix of a company includes all different product lines a company offers to its customers. The product line of a bank might easily include more than 100 different services. In today’s competitive scenario it has become very necessary for a bank to provide it’s customers with a wide variety of services and the best technology in order to attract them. Here is an example of some of the products offered by SBI Bank to its customers. Offering SBI Banks Savings Account is just the right product for everyone, salaried, employees or businessmen, high net worth individuals and NRIs. The unmatched package of SBI Bank Savings Bank account given below brings the benefits of better, efficient and hassle free banking. ATM Network 7-Day Banking Telebanking iConnect-Internet Banking Offering SBI Bank has joined hands with Citibank, to give rise to a new kind of card power unique and unmatched benefits and international SBIlity at the most competitive rates. The SBI Bank Citibank International Silver Card, the MasterCard and Unique Card offers quite a few benefits. Rewards Dial-A-Draft Credit Limit Increase 24-Hour ATMs Photo card Concession on Personal Remittances Overdraft facility Free ATM Card PRODUCT WIDTH AND DEPTH Width Width of the product mix is the number of product lines a company is offering. The product width could be a narrow one or a wide one depending from bank to bank. A wide mix encourages more sales since the banks are able to diversify and provide more to their customers and they also appeal to a larger target market. Depth Depth of the product mix is the number of product items in each product line. Banks with more schemes and services have more depths than those offering only a few. Here is table giving an example of Width and Depth in the Product Mix: Similarly, different banks plan out their product portfolios and based on that, the depth and width of their product mix can be determined. In today’s scenario, where there is cutthroat competition and new foreign banks entering the Indian markets, it has became more or less like a law to have very wide product lines with more and more number of products in each line. PRICE MIX The price mix in the banking sector is nothing but the interest rates charged by the different banks. In today’s competitive scenario where customer is the king, the banks have to charge them interest at a rate in accordance with the RBI directives. Banks also compete in terms of annual fees for services like credit cards, DMAT etc. Another important aspect of the bank’s pricing policy today is the interest charged on the Home Loans and Car Loans. With India’s economy progressing, there are more and more buyers seeking these loans but at a very competitive interest rate. Let’s understand this with an example. A particular buyer approaches a bank for a car loan for a period of 3 years. He is charged Rs. 20,000 as interest. However, if a sale representative of another bank comes to know of this deal, he will try to attract the customer by giving him a better deal i. e. a loan at a lower rate on interest. In this way, it is the customer that ultimately benefits. Here is an example of some of the prices charged by SBI bank for their services ATM Card IssueFree – 2 ATM cards issued free if it joint account Add – on CardRS. 100 – Beyond 2 cards Duplicate CardRs. 100 Other General Charges Current AccountSavings Account Transaction ChargesNILNIL Charges for issue of Cheques bookNILNIL Issue of duplicate statementRs. 25 per pageRs. 25 per page Account closureRs. 100Rs. 100 This example evinces some of the charges that the customer has to pay for the services provided by the bank. The pricing factor is very important because of the kind of competition that is prevailing today in the Indian market. However it is very important to understand that in the banking sector, the main pricing policy is concerned with the interest rate charged. This interest rate is however regulated by the RESERVE BANK OF INDIA and THE INDIAN BANKING ASSOCAITION. Any one particular bank or a group of banks does not regulate it. The interest rate charged cannot be higher than that decide by the RBI and the INDIAN BANKING ASSOCIATION. Thus, inspite of the constraints in the pricing policy due to the RBI directives there are mainly three types of pricing methods adopted by banks. They are: Value pricing: Banks having unique or different products or schemes mainly do this type of pricing. They usually charge a combination of high and low prices depending on the customer loyalty as well as the products. This type of pricing strategy is usually coupled with promotion programmes. Going Rate pricing: The most commonly used pricing technique is the going rate pricing. In going rate pricing, the bank bases its price largely depending on the competitor’s prices. The banks however have to stay within the RBI directives and compete. The banks may charge higher or lower than their competitors. After 1991 when the foreign banks entered the Indian market this method of pricing has gained increasing importance. Mark up pricing: This is a pricing technique wherein the cost of the service is determined and a small margin is added to it and then the final price is offered to the customers. This type of pricing is the not very popular since in the banking sector it is not very easy to arrive at the cost of the service. Thus most banks use a combination of mark – up pricing and going rate pricing. THE MOST FAVORABLE PRICING STRATEGY This model shows a pricing strategy, which should be adopted in order to ensure maximum satisfaction to both the bank as well as the customers. The price should be set in such a manner that the customer is assured that he is not being cheated or overcharged by the bank and at the same time the bank is able to reap maximum profits. Such a pricing stand helps the bank get maximum sales as well as profits since the customer feels that by entering such a transaction he is winning. PLACE MIX Place mix is the location analysis for banks branches. There are number a factors affecting the determination of the location of the branch of bank. It is very necessary a bank to situated at a location where most of its target population is located. Some of the important factors affecting the location analysis of a bank are: The trade area Population characteristics Commercial structure Industrial structure Banking structure Proximity to other convenient outlets Real estate rates Proximity to public transportation Drawing time Location of competition Visibility Access It is not necessary that all the above conditions have to be satisfied while selecting the location but it should be tried to satisfy as many of them as possible. PROMOTION MIX Promotion is nothing but making the customer more and more aware of the services and benefits provided by the bank. The banks today can use a lot of new technology to communicate to their customers. Two of the fastest growing modern tools of communicating with the customers are: Internet Banking Mobile Banking This can be better explained with the example of UTI bank. SMS services SMS functions through simple text messages sent from your cellular phone. These messages are recognized by SBI bank to provide you with the required information. For example, when you enter ‘IBAL’ your cellular phone screen will display the current balance in your primary account. Thus with the help of SMS a wide range of query based transactions can be performed without even making a call. SBI was the first organization in India to provide Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) based services. Mobile commerce using WAP technology, allows secure online access of the web using mobile devices. With WAP one can directly access the ICICI WAP server, check one’s account details and use other value added services. Thus different methods are used by different banks to promoter its services. A bank may have very attractive schemes and services to offer to their customers but they are of no use if they are not communicated properly to the customers. Promotion is o inform and remind the individuals and persuade them to accept, recommend or use of product, service or idea. However there some very important points that is to be considered before the promotion strategy is made. These points are: Finalizing the Budget Before the bank decides the kind of promotion that should be done, it very important to finalize the budget for it. The formulation of a sound budget is essential to remove the financial constraints in the process. The budget is determined on the basis of volume of business of the bank. In addition to this the intensity of competition also plays a decisive role. Selecting a suitable vehicle Another very important task is to select a suitable vehicle for driving the message. There are a number of devices to advertise such as broadcast media, telecast media and the print media. The selecting of the mode of advertising is strongly influenced by the kind of budget decided. Usually for promoting banks the most effective and economical form of advertising has been the print media. Making possible creativity Making possible creativity is nothing but the kind of slogans, punch lines etc. that are supporting the message. They should be very creative but yet simple to be understood by the common man. It should appeal to the customers. It should be distinct from that of the competitors and should be successful in informing and sensing the customers. Testing the Effectiveness It should be borne in mind that the advertisement is first tested for its effectiveness. This should be done with the help of various techniques like testing effectiveness on a sample group. This helps determine the success of the advertisement and in case of any problem the advertisement can be altered and remedied. Instrumentality of Branch Managers At a micro level, it is the responsibility of the branch managers to promote and drive the message to the people in the local area. They should organize small programs in order to attract people and crate awareness in the local area about the new schemes of the bank. Different Ways of Promotion Public Relations: Personal Selling: Sales Promotion: Word – of – mouth Promotion: Telemarketing: Internet: PEOPLE In banking term people means customers and the employees. People are the employees that are the service providers. In a banking sector, the service provider plays a very important and determinant role in rendering the customers a satisfactory and a good service. It is extremely essential that the service provider understand what his customers expect from him. In the banking sector, the customer needs to be guided in a lot of matters, which is possible only with the help of the service provider. The position in the eyes of the customer will be perceived by appearance, attitude and behavior of the customer contact employees. Not only does the customer contact employee influence the customer’s perception but also the customer base of the organization does so. Customers are broadly classified into three categories Normal Account Holders Business / Partnership Account Holder Government PROCESS MIX The process mix constitutes the overall procedure involved in using the services offered by the bank. It is very necessary that the process is very customer friendly. In other words a process should be such that the customer is easily able to understand and easy to follow. Today if particular banks formalities are long and the procedure very complicated the overall process fails and the customer may not be inclined towards using that banks services. Process can be broadly classified into to parts Deposit and advances Ancillary Services Deposits and Advances: In this part customer transactions are considered whether it is cash deposit, check deposit, cash withdrawal, draft making, fixed deposit, recurring deposit.. All these are the part of recurring deposits. In general we can say that monetary transaction is the part of deposits and advances. Ancillary Services: According to 1949 banking services act sub section 6, ancillary services were introduced in the banking sector. In this part bill of exchange, promissory notes, business guarantee given by bank on behalf of an individual to company or country. We can say that non monetary policies are the part of ancillary services and this part is very important part of banking sector because it deals with the sensitive issue of verifying and giving approval to somebody to do business on the guarantee of bank. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Physical evidence is the overall layout of the place i. e. how the entire bank has been designed. Physical evidence refers to all those factors that help make the process much easier and smoother. For example, in case of a bank, the physical evidence would be the placement of the customer service executive’s desk, or the location of the place for depositing cheques. It is very necessary that the place be designed in such a manner so as to ensure maximum convenience to the customer and cause no confusion to him. Let us see an example as to how banks try to make little changes so as to make the service better for their customers. Thus, these are the 7 P’s of services. Each of them plays a very important and a pivotal role in determining the quality of the service provided to the customer. SUGGESTIONS Customer Relationship Management Recent trends for businesses of all industries, as well as banks, show a movement towards a stronger customer orientation, rather than a product orientation. This customer orientation can be facilitated by developing and implementing CRM systems. CRM is an advancement of relationship marketing, now involving concepts of the overall marketing concept, total quality management, internal marketing, customer care, and relationship marketing. CRM concepts have to be realized within an organization in order to be successful with its external customers. Further, the main focus of CRM is the employees, which eventually achieve relationships with customers, turning a CRM program into success. A successful CRM program is only possible when the attention is equally divided towards customers and employees. Internal marketing and relationship marketing are identified to be able to achieve a better internal and external business environment, making them a matter of differentiation. In order to successfully implement a CRM concept, the use of sophisticated CRM computer technology is inevitable. Such software can be used to gather data from separate systems or units and provide an overall picture of customers and their relationship with the organization. Overall marketing concept In terms of the CRM concept, the overall marketing approach as how a bank defines marketing for itself and what the broad goal of the resulting orientation is. Internal Marketing (IM) The concept of internal marketing refers to a marketing approach within an organization, aimed at employees. Internal marketing can be defined as a heavy investment in employee quality performance. Internal marketing is a process where the overall principles of marketing are applied within the company in order to become customer focused to the highest possible extent. Total Quality Management Total Quality Management (TQM) as an organizational approach, aims to continuously improve the quality of all processes in an organization, products and services. Relationship Marketing An approach to identify individual customers, to create a relationship between the company and its customers that lasts over many transactions; and to manage that relationship to the benefit of the customers and the company. Relationship marketing is a management process engaging in a triangular relationship between marketing, quality and customer service. These three elements are interrelated and serve each other. Furthermore, relationship marketing focuses especially on the retention of customers, establishing a long-term orientation focusing on customer service. CRM MODEL INTERNAL MARKETING Three additional P’s: Services, being the fastest growing segment of the economy, provide for additional challenges and opportunities. The traditional 4 Ps were created to fit with tangible goods. Extending the traditional 4 Ps by three additional ones applicable especially in service environments. The new Ps are referred to as Process, Physical Evidence or Presentation, and People. Kotler refers to the 4 P’s (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) as being universal. Concerning the service marketing field, some additional factors can be introduced. In order to develop service quality: People, Presentation and Process are to be considered also in financial service marketing Process Process is the way to deliver the service, focusing on ensuring availability and uniform quality provided. It will decide how customers will get their needs met in the system. For example, earlier in the banking industry, the customers were waiting in separate lines for each teller. Deutsch (1990) proposed that a single waiting line for multiples tellers is the most common way of process. The study of Gerstner (2002) presents the branch network of banks consisting of diverse entities, where branches have own micro markets influenced by demographic and economic history. Gerstner (2002) argues that expecting identical sales and performance levels leads some branches to follow goals that are not aligned with their markets, which in return leads to underachievement of these branches. However, even if the theory claims that the process is an important factor of differentiation in the service industry, it appears that in the Indian banking industry this is not a valid criterion. Indeed, Stefan Nyrinder declared that SEB does not consider the process as a decisive factor to differentiate. Presentation or Physical evidence The presentation is important for banks; since people will develop an according image and style for the bank. If a bank, for example, wants to have the image of a user-friendly bank, its interior will look somewhat like a living room, with sofas, plants, and smiling employees. On the other hand, if a bank wants to have a hi-tech and efficient image, the interior will show a lot of computers and latest technology as well as hard working and busy employees. Strategically placing, for example, flat screen televisions and computers with online access in a branch offers both, the opportunity to inform and entertain waiting customers as well as the chance for applying branding graphics to such devices, naming brand image as a key factor for corporate survival, proposes that the presentation, or bank office design, is an important step in creating and delivering the desired brand image. The exterior design can be utilized to communicate e. g. the history and values of the respective institution. The use of color in combination with texture and finishes is identified to be a simple but very effective factor of differentiation, helping to convey particular messages to the customer and creating a special atmosphere affecting employees and customers likewise. Two types of graphics can be used to establish identity, marketing graphics and branding graphics. While marketing graphics promote products and services, branding graphics enhance brand image and should be used complementary with all marketing activities. Kotler claims, banks have to communicate an image of safety through e. g. the architecture of the building, the interior design and use of building materials. People In the service industries, people are of utmost importance. The service provider is one of the most crucial parts in the provision of services, being for example friendly, knowledgeable and professional. The marketers of the services must select, train and motivate their frontline people. Proper training can make a big difference in the customer satisfaction. According to Kotler, Internal Marketing â€Å"describes the work to train and motivate the employees to serve customers well†. Service marketing requires not only external marketing, but also internal and interactive marketing. For Foss and Stone people in the banking area, and in the service industry in general, are the most important aspect. This is also reinforced by the service marketing triangle. â€Å"Building high value, loyal, lifetime relationships is the most powerful competitive tool a firm possesses†. Management has the task to check, encourage and reward employees for building relationships and checking if the customers are satisfied. As a conclusion, it appears that numerous authors accredit a very important role to people in the differentiation approach. People also have a key part in the general strategy of the bank. An extended CRM model The elements people, the presentation and the process can be considered as a part of the CRM concept as shown before. The authors will thus propose a new model which is considered to be more relevant for a differentiation purpose. The extended model of CRM consists of three aspects. People, as mentioned before, are targeted by and interact in the IM, TQM, relationship marketing and customer care. Since employees and customers are present in all these four elements, the authors of this thesis decided to include them in one section. Kotler identifies service quality as a key to competitive success. Offering a high quality service is thus a way to differentiate from the competitors. Moreover, there is an increasing competition in the service area, and in such environment, firms need to differentiate. Service quality strategy, for example a service quality management program, to differentiate. Moreover, service quality is one of the major values expected by the customers. We focus on the service quality, as a way to differentiate, in their model. The extended CRM model proposed, introduces four factors contributing to increase the service quality: the Internal Marketing, the TQM, the relationship marketing and the customer care. The aim of the Internal Marketing is to increase the quality of the services offered by the firm. Total Quality Management is an organization-wide approach to continuously improving the quality of all the organization’s processes, products and services†. The relationship marketing, consists of building a high value, loyal, lifetime relationship. It is also a competitive tool. The core nature of the relationship obliges the firm to improve its service quality. Indeed, keeping the customer loyal or building a long term relation provokes a high service quality. Reducing the loss of customers, attracting new customers and improving customers and employees satisfaction are three of the aims of the customer care. A consequence of these aims is an improved service quality. As a result, the authors of the thesis consider internal marketing, TQM, relationship marketing and customer care as subprograms allowing service quality. Therefore service quality is the major objective also in a CRM concept. All parts dealing with the internal marketing, customer care, relationship marketing and TQM are considered as primary differentiation tools. They allow for proposing a good service quality which is the major way of differentiation for banks Presentation and Process are not considered by as important as the people aspect. They will then be presented accordingly as secondary tools of differentiation. Conclusion The human element is a major factor of differentiation. As a consequence, a people-based marketing approach has been identified by the authors to be relevant for this study: the Customer Relationship Management (CRM). There are different factors influencing the basic CRM concept: internal marketing, customer care, Total Quality Management, overall marketing and relationship marketing. The way and to which extent service companies approach and deal with these concepts will eventually create unique organizations that stand out from their competitors. Additionally, the writers of the thesis present the three additional P’s stated in e. g. Kotler , especially adapted for the service area: Process, Presentation and People. The three new P’s can be related and included into the CRM concept, extending the initial model to a more complete one that can be applied to this underlying study. Existing theory from established researchers does not provide for achieving truly outstanding characteristics for a retail bank. The reason for this may be found in the general image of a bank representing trust and a sense of seriousness. Airlines (Southwest Airlines) for example or restaurants (McDonalds) can contain an image of fun and still operate profitable, thereby being very different than their respective competitors. The number of banks differentiating to such extents can be estimated to be rather small. Banks differentiate within smaller dimensions, being able to retain an image of trustworthiness and seriousness. Secondary tools of differentiation Process SBI customers have access to service in all SBI branches. Additionally, every branch offers all SBI services (except few), no matter what size or location. All branches are operating independently and are responsible for their operations. In case a branch needs help, it can request different kind of support which will then be provided by the regional banks. The goal is that every branch has to manage the customers who are in the area of their â€Å"church tower† The branches of SBI offer similar services at every branch. However, some special need for example a single business with a large amount of export transactions might not find the service they need at some smaller branch offices, due to the non profitability of offering such a service for a single customer, customers can access all services provided at any offices: Basic services are provided by all branches of SBI, no matter what size, but specialized services like e. g. corporate advisors are available on request in smaller branches. The special competence is provided by regional headquarters. Presentation SBI does not use the physical design of its facilities to differentiate. As with almost all decisions, every branch is different and responsible for itself. The autonomy of branches is represented by some completely different designs between SBI branches. There is e. g. a futuristically designed SBI office in some in India and abroad, still having a rather old fashioned design. Each office has to justify investments like facility design according to its profitability. The design of the branches of SBI should be characterized as similar, because, customers should recognize the bank they enter no matter which branch they visit. SBI should pay special attention to the design of its branches, for example, all offices should use specific colors and similar materials.. As a consequence, â€Å"when you go to the SBI branch, you can recognize the SBI branch [†¦] you feel home†, personal communication, SBI should use the presentation to differentiate from its competitors. SBI should come with a branch design policy, but does not enforce it at any cost, due to the belief that it is not economically reasonable. However, when branches are refurbished, the design policy has to be followed.