Design and Implementation of an E-Commerce Website

THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN E-COMMERCE SITE FOR ONLINE BOOK SALES By tefera awetahegn Project Report Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences mekelle university May 2007 Committee Members: Abstract The business-to-consumer aspect of electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the most visible business use of the World Wide Web. The primary goal of an e-commerce site is to sell goods and services online. This project deals with developing an e-commerce website for Online Book Sale. It provides the user with a catalog of different books available for purchase in the store.†¦show more content†¦INTEGRATING IIS AND ASP.NET......................................................................... 28 4.5. INTEGRATING THE WEBSITE AND DATABASE....................................................... 29 5. WEB PAGE PROGRAMMING OPTIONS............................................................. 30 5.1. SERVER-SIDE PROCESSING. ................................................................................... 31 5.2. CLIENT-SIDE PROCESSING. ................................................................................... 35 6. WEB BASED APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT.................................................. 36 7. DATABASE CONNECTIVITY................................................................................ 38 7.1 ADO.NET............................................................................................................... 38 7.2 CONNECTING ASP.NET APPLICATION TO A DATABASE....................................... 45 8. THE SHOPPING CART APPLICATION .............................................................. 46 8.1. SEARCH FOR BOOKS .............................................................................................. 48 8.2. REGISTRATION....................................................................................................... 49 8.3. USER DETAILS ....................................................................................................... 50 8.4. SHOPPING CARTShow MoreRelatedE-Commerce Strategies for a Local Independently Owned and Operated Restaurant792 Words   |  3 Pagese-Commerce Strategies for a Local Independently Owned and Operated Restaurant What Internet business model would be appropriate for the company to follow in creating a Web site and why? The best possible Internet business model for the local restaurant Kenos would be multichannel retailing and new customer acquisition through event marketing, couponing and pervasive use of social media to promote special events. 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The Various Types Of Research Methodology Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3747 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 3.1 Introduction to research methodology: Types and forms of research philosophy. The different methods for designing the research that we can use for the purpose of evaluating any topic. Illustration of methods used for data collection in terms of their content and other features. The quality of the research is an important element, thus it will be mentioned, including a discussion regarding analysis instruments, finishing with an indication of the researchs limitations. 3.2 Research philosophy: Research philosophy is considered to be an important element for many researchers; this philosophy relies on the methods that can be applied to create knowledge by the researcher. However, there are two types of the methods to perceive the philosophy used in research: ontology and epistemology. Each method has a different effect on the research function (Johnson and Duberley, 2000) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Various Types Of Research Methodology Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 3.2.1 Epistemology: Epistemology is the part of the philosophy that agrees with questions, which can be useful to make the knowledge acceptable in a particular field. The main interest in epistemology is the possibility of following a specific set of procedures and rules of natural science when interested in dealing with the social world. There are three positions of epistemology and natural sciences that can be present to deal with the knowledge: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Johnson and Duberley, 2000). 3.2.1.1 Positivism: According to Creswell (2003), positivism is one of the most important parts to researchers and it includes the introduction of the most valuable theories in relation to the research subject. Furthermore, the researcher will determine the methods that will be used to collect the data, which will be useful to enforce the theories. 3.2.1.2 Interpretivism: According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007, interpretivism is considered a useful method to help the researcher understand the perceptions and behaviour of human beings. 3.2.1.3 Realism: Realism is considered an epistemological stance related to scientific investigation; it looks like positivism in its assumption that the scientific way is best for improving knowledge to use the social sciences of the similar type of data gathering and interpretation (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). The importance of realism is that the presence of objects in reality is independent from human thinking. The two main types of the realism are: Critical realism. Experimental realism. 3.2.2 Ontology: Ontology is a part of philosophy that deals with all topics regarding the domain of the nature of social structures. The important interest is to decide if social constructs are objective, or result from perspectives and works of people (constructivism) (Gill and John, 2010) 3.3 Research approaches Two research methods are available and both were used to understand this research, these are the deductive and inductive methods (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The deductive method is used to illustrate how the research is in relation to theory; this is done by the researcher who deduces assumptions on the basis of what he knows in a specific domain, and the theoretical interest in relation to that domain, then these assumptions go through empirical investigation. The assumptions consist of perceptions that need interpretation based on research structures. To build social structures, social scientists have to decide the way to gather data in relation to the perspectives that formulate the assumptions. The other way of understanding is inductive, which states that the theory is the output of the research. This means the presence of observations regarding specific phenomena; from observations the researcher is able to make his conclusions. The deduction method implements some of t he induction components and the researcher should collect the necessary data to conduct the theoretical reaction; it is likely that he will need more data to generate the case in which the theory may or may not hold (Bryman and Bell, 2003). In order to introduce research that includes useful information, it must answer questions and meet objectives, and there must be an explanation about how these objectives were established or descriptive answers; the researcher may have more than one objective at the same time (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). 3.4 Research strategies: Qualitative and quantitative strategies are considered to be the main two categories of strategy, which could use in the business research. Researchers attempt to use these strategies to decide the relevant technique to use in the procedure of data collection and analysis. A quantitative strategy is one that uses numerical data, like those obtained from the questionnaire technique, or from graphs, while the qualitative strategy uses non-numerical data, like those from interviews, pictures and video clips. According to the objectives of this study, the researcher is going to use the qualitative strategy (Thomas, 2004). 3.5 Different research designs: Research design illustrates the structure for data collection and analysis (Bryman and Bell, 2003); there are five types of research design considered to be useful in many types of research, as follows: 3.5.1 Cross-sectional design: Cross-sectional design is often regarded as a social survey. It collects data on several cases, because the researcher may face variation in many variables, and he needs a greater number of participants in his sample (Burns and Robert B, 2008) 3.5.2 Comparative design: Comparative design is applied to two or more cases in order to accomplish better understanding, because of the comparative nature of the research. This type of strategy can use the collection of qualitative or quantitative data (Bryman and Bell, 2003). 3.5.3 Experimental design: This type of strategy is commonly used when the research aims to evaluate social subjects. This strategy depends on both dependent and independent variables (Burns and Robert B, 2008). However, to apply this strategy, there are facts that should be taken in consideration, such as: The relevant theory should be used. Explaining any sample related with the theory. Explaining any modifications or changes in evaluating the plan and the variables. 3.5.4 Case study design: This type of strategy is related to the place, location, country, organization, people or firm the research is concerned with. It is characterized by extensive investigations regarding the nature of the studys question. However, the result of case studies is often more about understanding the research environment (Bougie, 2010). This strategy is the most relevant strategy to this type of research, because this type of research will answer the designed questions, and it will meet the researchs objectives. A case study will be applied to the banks; it will start by explaining the Islamic banks philosophy and showing the main differentiation between the conventional and the Islamic banking systems. In addition, there will be a comparison between the Islamic and the commercial banks by determine the financial performance in conventional and the Islamic banking systems over the period of study using statistical and financial methods. Furthermore, this research will conduct a compa rison between the two systems of banks during the recent global financial crisis and between the methods they used to encounter or to avoid the impact of the crisis. This comparison will be about reducing the risk that in relation with the financial crisis to determine and apply the most effective system during the period of the study. 3.5.5 Longitudinal design: Researchers apply this type of research design to monitor any possible change in the researchs subject over time; it is used to lengthen the survey research period (Bougie, 2010). 3.6 Researchs quality: The quality of the research comprises four basic features: Validity. Reliability. Generalization. Transparency. 3.6.1 Researchs validity: According to Hair (2007), a researchs validity depends on the following factors: Instrumentation. History. Testing. Ambiguity relating to the direction of the study. Maturation. Morality. According to this type of research, the first four factors are not related to this study, and maturation has little impact on the research; accordingly, this study uses secondary data that comes from different resources. 3.6.2 Researchs reliability: The research reliability indicates an assurance of the results through testing the results that emerge from the analysis (Quinton and Smallbone, 2006). Therefore, there are four threats that might occur to the reliability, they are: Bias from the participants. Participants bias. Observer bias. Observer error. Accordingly, these research only observer error and observer biases are relevant to the study because there are no interviews in this research. 3.6.3 Generalization: In quantitative research, the researcher understands that his results may only be usable for that particular research environment and scope. They could be used as a basis and could even be applied in different research. Accordingly, the researcher works to generate a sample that will represent a greater population in order to generalize the results (Quinton and Smallbone, 2006). 3.6.4 Transparent: The results of the data analysis and the conclusion of this research will illustrate to the reader how the work has been conducted, as well as the relation between data analysis and the conclusion. 3.9 Data collection methods: The researcher is going to use secondary data In order to answer the research questions and cover the main objectives of this research. The secondary data may include articles, books, annual reports, newspapers, published journal and raw data. However, the research aims to analyse and evaluate the financial performance and the financial stability of the top ten commercial and the top ten Islamic banks. Consequently, the researcher will use the financial information of these banks, and this financial information was issued in the form of financial statements in the annual reports of the banks; accordingly the researcher will use the secondary data from the websites of these banks to obtain the financial statements. The other reasons for selecting only secondary data are that the researcher does not have access to any bank, the sample banks are in different countries in the world and there is limited time to conduct the research. 3.9.1 Secondary data: It is possible to collect both qualitative and quantitative secondary data, which can be employed in an explanatory way in descriptive research. There are three subgroups of secondary data: documentary, survey-based and data obtained from many sources (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). 3.9.2The secondary data for this research: The focus on secondary data collection for the Islamic and commercial banks was the annual reports of the banks, recent articles and journals through the following. The annual reports were issued by the banks, and the financial reports from websites such as the Financial Times, BBS and Congressional. The literature review includes the journals that are related to the Islamic and commercial banks from Science Direct, EBSCO, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, Journal of Finance, Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, and Electronic Journal of Social Sciences. The literature review includes the most recent published journals and articles that are related to the financial crisis from Science Direct, EBSCO, Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Journal of Financial Quantitative Analysis, International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, and International Journal of Political Economy. 3.10 The method applied in the analysis: The researcher will evaluate the financial performance and stability of the top ten commercial banks and the top ten Islamic banks by using the financial ratio analysis, horizontal analysis and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). There are several financial ratios that could be used to determine the financial performance and stability of the banks in order to obtain obvious views about the financial position of these banks. However, since this study is dealing with the analysis of twenty banks in eleven different countries, and as a result of the difference in the countries, also different laws and financial legislation, there appears significant differences in the nature of the financial statements issued; this led the researcher to restrict the selection of the financial ratios to those that are compatible with the financial statements of these twenty banks. Therefore, the researcher will select the financial ratios that they share with each other by using the main items in the balance sheets and income statements; in the other words, the commercial and Islamic banks share the following in their financial statements: Total assets. Total liabilities. Total equity. Total revenue. Net profits. Earnings per share. Accordingly, the researcher adopted these fundamental items in the financial statements in order to determine the best financial ratios to achieve the objectives of this study; therefore the researcher will use the following six financial ratios: Net profit margin (NPM). Return on equity (ROE). Return on assets (ROA). Assets turnover ratio. Gearing ratio. Earnings per share. 3.10.1 Financial ratios analysis The ratio is a simple expression of a number relative to another number; in order for the ratios to be considered as meaningful indexes, there should be a clear and specific relation between the two numbers used in calculating each ratio. More often there is a need calls to search and test the nature of the information, or the basic numbers used in calculating the ratio, in order to explain and understand the full meaning of this relation; the ratio by itself may not mean much unless it is compared with other ratios in a different year or with the industry standard ratios (Walsh, 2003). Generally, it is possible to divide the financial ratios into four basic categories as follows. Profitability ratios: A set of financial ratios that connect profits with sales to express the extent of sales ability to generate profits and the ability of banks to use their equity and assets to generate profits Net profit margin (NPM): This ratio is used to determine the extent to which the firm has the ability to encounter the difficult situations that may emerge either from declines in the products market price or because of a rise in the products manufacturing expenditures. In addition, this ratio can be used to measure whether there is a decline in the sales volume and to measure the net profit volume attained after the interests and taxes per dollar from the revenues. Finally, a higher ratio indicates that the firm is more profitable and has a better control over its costs (variable, operating and financial costs) compared with the other competing firms (Melville, 2008). Return on equity: (ROE): Also called return on net worth, this is used to measure the volume of the achieved profit as a percentage of the common shareholders equity. Thus it is the average of the net profit that the investors achieve from investing their money, as a return on their risk. This ratio indicates the managements competence in operating the shareholders funds (Melville, 2008). Return on assets (ROA): This ratio is considered an index to measure the extent of the firms profitability relative to its total assets. In addition, it measures the management efficiency in using the assets to generate the profits (called return on investment) and it greatly depends on the type of industry and the volume of assets used in production. Accordingly, this ratio is used to compare between firms within the same sector to know the volume of profits resulting from investing in assets (Melville, 2008). 2) Efficiency or activity ratios: These ratios are used to evaluate the extent to which the firms management is successful in managing the assets in order to generate revenue, which is considered the basic source of profit. Assets turnover ratio This ratio is considered one of the most important ratios to measure efficiency. This ratio measures the extent of the ability of the banks to use their assets to generate revenue, and it shows the range of generating revenue from each dollar of assets (Mckenzie, 2010). 3) Capital structure ratios: These ratios are called solvency ratios and are considered instruments to evaluate the extent of the firms ability to pay its long-term obligations; they also measure the extent of the success of the financing policy used in the firm and, in balancing between external and internal financing resources, the reflections of its policy on financial leverage risk. The most important ratios that can be used in this field are the following: Gearing ratio The assets of the bank can be funded in two ways: Liabilities (borrowing) Equity (retained earnings + capital share) When the banks require the financing of new assets, they make financing decisions based on the costs and risks; borrowing is considered less costly than equity but equity is considered less risky than financing through borrowing. Accordingly, the importance of studying the gearing ratio appears to determine the financial risks that the banks encounter (Mckenzie, 2010). This ratio was measured based on the ratio of the total liabilities to the total assets. 4) Market ratios: These ratios help the shares analysts in performing their tasks when evaluating the firms performance; they also help the present and prospective investors dealing with and working in the financial markets to know the attitudes of the stock market prices. The most important ratios used in this field are the following: Earnings per share (EPS) According to the international accounting principle 33, the net profit or net loss for the period for the common stock holders is the net profit or loss after deducting the sum of the profits for the holders of the preferred shares, and all the recognized items of the revenues and expenditures during the period, including the taxes and expenditures, the unusual items and minority equity, mentioned in determining the net profit or loss for the period. Accordingly, this ratio illustrates the banks ability to generate net profits to the shareholders per share; furthermore, many of the investors depend on it in their investment decisions because it is an important index regarding the banks financial performance (Mckenzie, 2010). 3.10.2 Horizontal analysis: Horizontal analysis is an essential method used to determine the fluctuations in the total assets, equity, liabilities, net profit and revenue of the banks over a period of time, and to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the banks (Elliott, 2009). 3.10.3 SPSS Statistical Software Program : SPSS is a computer program for statistical analysis introduced in 1968 by Norman H. Nie; it is used to evaluate variables in relation to government, bank, marketing organizations and Survey Companys researches, to determine whether the variables are input or output. SPSS can be used for the purpose of analysing data management and documentation and for other types of analysis, such as descriptive analysis, prediction numerical outcomes, predictions for identifying groups and vicariate statistics. In this paper, the researcher will estimate the mean and standard deviation for financial ratios during the period of study (2005-2009) to outline the results of the financial ratios. In addition, the researcher will calculate the mean and the average of the standard deviations in order to give a clear understanding regarding the financial position of the Islamic and commercial financial systems (Burns and Robert B, 2008). 3.11 Limitations of the research 1. The differences in the currencies between the banks and the countries. 2. The differences in the financial standards adopted in the issuance of financial statements. 3. The differences in the financial transactions of both systems, which leads to differences in their financial policies. 4. There are huge differences in the total assets, liabilities and equity for both systems, which impact on the comparative analysis of both systems. Chapter Five THE CONCLUSION This study aims to evaluate the financial performance and stability of the top ten Islamic and the top ten commercial banks during the period 2005-2009. In addition, it attempts to determine the impact of the global financial crisis on the both systems in order to explore which is the most efficient system. The study began with an explanation of the importance of the banking system, the services offered by Islamic and commercial banks and the difference between Islamic and commercial banks in order to meet the first objective. In the literature review, the researcher discussed Islamic banking transactions, the principles of the Islamic banking system and some previous studies which have examined the financial performance, efficiency and stability of both systems in different regions. In the analysis chapter, the researcher employed six financial ratios and the horizontal analysis to determine the financial performance and stability of both systems in order to meet the seco nd and third objectives, and to determine the impact of the current financial crisis on the two systems and determine which system was more efficient in facing the financial crisis in order to meet the fourth objective. Then the researcher used the statistical program known as SPSS to summarize the financial results of the financial ratios. The results of the financial ratios and statistical program (SPSS) indicate that the financial performance of the top ten Islamic banks was better than the financial performance of the top ten commercial banks during the period of study. The financial crisis affected both systems. However, the financial performance of the commercial banks declined strongly compared to the financial performance of the Islamic banks. However, in 2009, the effect of the financial crisis continued on the Islamic banks, while the commercial banking system improved its financial performance. However, the performance of Islamic banks remained better than the comme rcial banks. Accordingly, we reject both null hypotheses and accept both alternative hypotheses. 5.2 Recommendations 1. To create a market for short-term borrowing between Islamic banks, which would assist in managing their liquidity, just like a market where commercial banks borrow from each other (such as the London Interbank market, which deals with LIBOR interest from one day to five years). 2. To apply hedging policies in investment portfolios of Islamic banks based on the geographical distribution of the financial risk, and interest from the distribution of risks appears when a collapse of financial markets has not been affected by other financial markets in different countries. 3. To develop asset, liability and liquidity management in both Islamic and commercial banks, which would contribute to reducing the impact of the financial crisis on both systems. 4. To increase Islamic bank branches in non-Muslim countries, such as America and European countries, due to the existence of a large number of Muslim communities, in addition to the interest that appears from the distribution of income in different geographic areas. In contrast, there will appear a fluctuation in the exchange rates of foreign currency risks. 5. To improve the financial services for their customers in both systems in order to increase customer loyalty to these banks, which would contribute to reducing the phenomenon of a sudden rush of withdrawals by the depositors. 6. To improve the quality of the financial investments in both systems, particularly in the commercial banks, for instance, investments in the financial derivatives, such as CDS (credit default swap), which was one of the most important reasons for the current financial crisis. 7. To apply a mergers and acquisitions policy (MA) between the banks in order to increase the strength of banks in the face of potential risks. 8. Commercial banks should carefully study the Islamic banking system in order to take positive things from it, and Islamic banks should carefully study the commercial banking system to take positive t hings. 9. To establish an international Islamic bank and international financial market and support existing regional Islamic markets.

7 Insects Commonly Found on Milkweed

Natural Disasters And Manmade Disasters Essay - 1948 Words

Abstract Some or maybe all of us have been a part of some event that has taken place throughout their existence. The events that you or other people may have taken part in have been for enjoyment or for pleasure as for others or there are people who have gone through a series of events that has completely ruined their lives in a matter of days. Just to throw this out there, some events that could ruin people lives are natural disasters or manmade disasters, losing someone that you cared about most in this world. These events leave us looking hopeless, needing a sense of direction and a big contribution from the man upstairs. I’m here to talk to you about a natural disaster that happen just a little over 10 years ago and the event that had taken place was Hurricane Katrina. What comes to mind when we think of the word natural disaster? Well my take on it is that it’s a major adverse event resulting from the natural processes of the Earth. Natural disasters can claim prop erties, damage the economy, and can even result in death. You know as well as I know what happened in Hurricane Katrina. I went through it back in 2005. I’m here to research and provide a summary of the event, to examine the precautions (preparations) that were taken beforehand when the storm was still in the tropics, to take a look at how the local, state, and federal governments responded to the event and talk about the recovery process and where the state of Louisiana is today. Keywords: NaturalShow MoreRelatedCommunity Disaster Assessment and Planning Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity Disaster Assessment and Planning The potential for natural and manmade disasters is a constant threat, especially in today’s world of climate change, political upheaval, and global unrest and terrorist activity. 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Symbols Within The Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka - 1149 Words

Topic 3: Symbols Within The Metamorphosis Throughout a person’s life, multiple changes occur that can be viewed as either good or bad depending on the circumstance. Change is an unavoidable happening that shapes someone’s identity and their perception on life, and the ability to accept the changes that occur in a lifetime is what keeps living things prospering. If change can not be received favorably, then it will ultimately be the conclusion for those that can’t adapt. The inability of acceptance of change by both himself and others around him is shown in the novella The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. In the novella, Gregor has had the unfortunate alteration of being changed into a bug and he is no longer able to provide for his family. Not only does Gregor feel unable to adapt to this new change, but his family completely avoids him and sees him as a new burden for them as he is no longer worth anything in their eyes. Often when someone is faced with a large neg ative change to their life others may exile them in order to avoid facing their change. The theme of exile is shown through The Metamorphosis with symbols such as the apple, his father’s uniform, and the door. Within many literary works, the presence of religious symbols is a very common use in order to show themes such as banishment and negative ideas. In The Metamorphosis, Gregor is faced with the same form of dismissal as Adam and Eve within the bible. When Gregor’s father encounters his son in his newfoundShow MoreRelated A Portrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis1515 Words   |  7 PagesPortrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis Franz Kafka seems to have had a tough time growing up with his father, who was apparently a domineering, unapproachable man. 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NeverthelessRead More Gregor as Symbol of the Jewish Race in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis2001 Words   |  9 PagesGregor as Symbol of the Jewish Race in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis For thousands of years, the Jewish People have endured negative stereotypes such as the insects of humanity. As Sander Gilman pointed out, the Nazi Party labeled Jews as insects like lice and cockroaches, that generate general disgust among all humanity (Gilman 80).1 These derogative stereotypes, although championed by the Nazis, have their origins many centuries earlier and have appeared throughout Western culture forRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 3979 Words   |  16 PagesAustin Day Professor Imali Abala English 357 18 February 2015 The Theme of Alienation in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka in 1915 is said to be one of the greatest literary works of all time and is seen as one of Kafka’s best and most popular works of literature. 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The family differences about religion in one novel, and the stress because of a major transformation which causes the parent to work in another, createsRead MoreFranz Kafka His Relationship with His Father Revealed in His Writing2982 Words   |  12 PagesFranz Kafka: How his relationship with his father was revealed in â€Å"A Letter to My Father†, â€Å"The Judgment†, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Franz Kafka is an icon of dark existentialist and absurdist literature that frequently wrote about themes of isolation, alienation, and authoritarian oppression. His well-known work includes the short stories The Metamorphosis, and â€Å" The Judgment.† as well as his prominent Letter to His Father, in which he attempted to clarify the tense relationship andRead MoreBreaking Down The Metamorphosis1076 Words   |  5 PagesBreaking Down The Metamorphosis Franz Kafkas beginning of his novel, The Metamorphosis, begins with what would seem a climactic moment: As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. From this point on, the reader is determined to make sense of this transformation. However, the reader later comes to realize that Gregor is actually not an insect, but this metamorphosis into a vermin was purely symbolic. It symbolizesRead MoreEssay about The Limits of Sympathy in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis1216 Words   |  5 PagesFranz Kafka, an exceptional writer of the 20th century, is the creator of many controversial pieces of literature, which still cause a great deal of debate between scholars in this modern day and age. His collection of works feature many elaborate themes such as labyrinths of bureaucracy, physical and psychological brutality, parent-child conflict and mystical transformations. Yet it is his theme of the limits of sympathy in hi s 1915 novella, The Metamorphosis, which is arguably his best work. ItRead More Kafka’s The Metamorphosis Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesKafka’s The Metamorphosis In Franz Kafka’s novella, The Metamorphosis, the travelling salesman Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning, in his family’s home, to find â€Å"himself changed in his bed into a monstrous vermin† (Kafka 3). While this immediate physical change, supported by ensuing physical imagery, suggests that the â€Å"metamorphosis† introduced in the title is purely physical, other interpretations are also possible. When the reader relies upon the extended and embedded metaphors present in thisRead MoreDehumanization and Alienation in Night and The Metamorphosis1875 Words   |  5 Pages St. Germain Tonya Morris 4/5th block 7 November, 2014 Dehumanization and Alienation For generations society has been separating and categorizing mankind into stereotypes. Everyone and anyone on earth has been placed within a prospective category. If not by race, then appearance, income, or by social standing. Although sometimes mankind takes these separations to an extreme, like trying to dispose of a thousands of people, just because of their religion and beliefs.

Sustainability Is Defined As The Capability â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sustainability Is Defined As The Capability? Answer: Introduction Sustainability is defined as the capability of biological systems in order to remain and endure diverse and productive in the long run. The main leading value for the procedure of sustainability is the schedule for maintainable and sustainable development which has different interconnected elements such as ecology, economics, politics, and culture. There are several problems which have challenged peoples reality in the expedition for the accomplishment of developmental sustainability (Hallstedt, 2017, p. 70). Such issues are usually stated by the scholars as wicked issues since they may not be defined fully and they have no concluding solutions where all the interests of stakeholders are optimal. These issues are always difficult and are continually changing necessities, and when one tries to solve a particular aspect in them, it results in rising new several issues making it very complex to get an ideal solution. Wicked issues are thus a set of specific problems which are reflected to be symptoms of other issues. For people to be in a position to come up with resolutions to sustainability issues, it is necessary to change from their conventional tactic of reasoning and develop their mental models. System thinking comes in this situation as models to assist individuals in enhancing significant resolutions to sustainability issues (Rauter, Jonker and Baumgartner, 2017, p. 146). System thinking is defined as an inter-disciplinary outline which is used to picture the interconnections for viewing different forms of change instead of static snapshots. Though system thinking is an old aspect, it is always referred to as the new method of thinking in order to manage and understand the already existing difficult issue both locally and worldwide. It is a way for development developers to conceptualize as well as act in the direction of the systematic incorporation of economic and socio-environmental proportions of sustainability. The tactic enables establishment for leveraging management difficulties comparative to other ways. It also comprises observing the entire picture as well as comprehending the broader setting while concurrently appreciating relations amongst different levels (Domingues et al., 2017, p. 300). The importance of this study is based on the fact that no wicked issue which occurs in isolation, but all situations are part of the vast structure of interrelated networks, and thus systems thinking method is significant while creating resolutions for such issues. The reason is that an individual may not understand the behavior of a particular system by examining a few of its sections but rather the entire system (Kauflin, 2017, p. 1). This essay seeks to assess the function of systems thinking in local and global sustainability issues as well as drawing attention to one of the wicked challenges. Personally, I agree with the stated statement that systems thinking is critical in developing solutions to sustainability challenges, since the method shows a systematic approach to address problems. A system thinker usually tries to observe beyond the level of microscopic details of an issue to the set of connections in which they are related. This paper analyses the methods in which the t actic addresses the issues through its major phases such as diagnosing the issue so as to view how it may be solved, as well as implementing resolutions with known results. Specific attention will be drawn to the wicked issue of domestic violence while striving to appraise the significance of systems thinking in dealing with the problem. Focusing on systems thinking, solving the wicked issues of sustainability like domestic violence needs two important components. Form bigger system flexibility for the natural surrounding as well as subsequently reconsidering leadership so as to make it appropriate for dealing with the difficulties of all the combined methods (Hubeau et al., 2017, p.62). Contrasting to the conventional methods of thinking, the systems thinking often put stress on the effects and causes in the systems and the way they are mutually reliant to each other. The tactic may, therefore, assist people to get an in-depth comprehending of the connection in the actual world systems as well as solving the sustainability problems by further comprehending the wicked issue system dynamics. This paper thus concentrates on the use of systems thinking method in order to ensure families are stable and no issues of domestic violence. Sustainable development tries to take along together its 3 elements in balance. Neverthe less, priority is offered to two of its major concepts that are the economy and the culture. The wicked issue of domestic violence lies under the cultural aspect of sustainability. Looking at domestic violence, system thinking often demands that people should diagnose the issue on the table in its different forms and then see ways in which it can be solved. Looking at domestic violence, very many people in marriages go through domestic violence, and some have a tendency of keeping quiet and not speaking out about this issue because they are afraid of the way other people will perceive them. Focusing on the statistics, they show that women are more likely to be the victims of domestic violence caused by their intimate partners with 85% and men are only 15%. Several women have been held confined with the issue of domestic abuse whether through financial abuse, physical abuse, emotional or psychological abuse or a combination of the three issues (Robinson, 2010, p.311). Evidently, we have witnessed stories concerning the issue from athletes beating their spouses publicly or at home or even celebrities abusing their girlfriends in front of everyone. Research shows that there are many causes of violence and it brings when both partners disagree on an issue, and since women are most likely to be the victims, the husband may end up beating his wife out of anger. Most husbands feel superior, and they use their superiority to abuse their wives even over a little argument. Another cause is when one partner threatens the other one that she will leave him. Men abuse their wives after they are threatened that they will leave and they do this to scare them from leaving and obey whatever they are told (Koenen et al., 2017, p. 309). When the husband has financial issues, he may turn out to be violence in order to protect his ego. Some husbands use their wives as tools to get rid of the stress at their workplace, and after arriving at home, they only cause violence without caring about their children and the wife. Domestic violence is related to many diseases such as depression and hypertension due to stress and lack of peace at home. Additionally, it als o affects the victim and particularly children in that family. The features of systems are that all the sections should be there and that it needs a particular organization as well as purpose. Following the arrangement of how domestic abuse starts, it may begin with the abuser threatening to abuse the victim, but the victim takes it for granted. The abuser may also start showing signs of being jealous at the beginning of the relationship, and he might equate jealousy with a lot of love such that the victim may not suspect anything wrong. The abuser may question the victim the person she has been talking to and accuses her of flirting or become jealous of the time she has spent with others. He might have controlling behavior such as restricting her from visiting her parents. The victim may also be denied a chance to make her decisions and be forced to do something that she is not comfortable doing. When the controlling behavior persists, the abuser takes control of the finances of the victim such that all the money of the victim goes to the abuse r. The abuser might start making the victim to isolate from her friends and family such that he blames them whenever something goes wrong in their relationship or marriage. These abusers have a tendency of blaming others due to their own problems or feelings, and mostly they put the blame of their wives. After all these signs, the abuser starts to be violent, and it affects both the wife and the children physically or psychologically (Hearn, 2013, p.169). Thus, peace in the family, and being emotionally fit depends on the relationship at home between couples hence there is need to get ways of solving the problem of domestic violence. It is using systems thinking which we are in a position to analyze and identify the features which result to the lead to the wicked issue. The method also qualifies us to develop a good relationship with our families and recognize how domestic violence is likely to affect us in the whole family. Thus, system thinking is important in establishing resolut ions to sustainability problems (Phillips and Vandenbroek, 2014, p.42). The major focus of system thinking is to help in solving problems and exclusive comprehending of the difficult actual world systems like the explained domestic violence issue. By concentrating on the problem, short term resolutions may be developed easily. Several efforts have been realized to help control the issue of domestic violence. Many organizations in the world have come, and they deal in rescuing victims of domestic violence and offering free houses and counseling processes (Wijethilake, 2017, p. 580). For example, the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV) is usually the voice of all survivors and victims of domestic violence. Their mission is that they are the catalyst for a changing society in order to have zero tolerance regarding domestic violence. They do that by affecting the policy of the public, increasing the understanding of the effect of domestic violence as well as offering education and programs which drive the targeted change. The organization ed ucates the society concerning the effects of domestic violence, and they help to reduce its occurrence thus creating peace in families. However, there are efforts of restoring broken marriages due to violence. The capability to see the system of the wicked issue thus results to the leveraging of solutions that in the aspect of domestic violence offers us an idea of the way we may make a better arrangement in order to make sure that there is sustainable control of the issue of domestic violence. Decision makers in our society rely on the formation of more effective mental representations in order to understand the interconnections of the elements of the system and the way they influence people whether indirectly or directly. The survival of people is reliant on the constant development of system thinking (Allais, Roucoules and Reyes, 2017, p. 221). Nonetheless, it is complex to understand and learn concerning the complicated systems which one is still living in them. System thinking concerns taking one step away from the system and observe it from another perspective from outside. People have no otherwise, but they should rethink about their leadership in order to make it suitable to decide the crucial complexities of cooperative methods to deal with (Fritz, Schggl and Baumgartner, 2017, p.591). Furthermore, improving system resilience improves the entire complexity of the system and therefore results to the necessity of effective understanding, coordination, and good leader ship innovation in different organizations of investors. The necessity of working together with organizations increases because all have a common goal of ending domestic violence and it gives the leaders a new challenge. Conclusion In conclusion, it is greatly understood that sustainability problems which are faced by people currently are so complex to tackle due to the way they are difficult. Additionally, it is also understood that neither single solutions nor single firms may be optimal to solve these problems. It calls for system thinking in order to advocate for resilience as well as good leadership in striving to tackle the sustainability problems. Policy makers must, therefore, form legislations which may impact positive changes in our society since it is the only easy method to sustainability. Wicked issues are thus a set of specific problems which are reflected to be symptoms of other issues. For people to be in a position to come up with resolutions to sustainability issues, it is necessary to change from their conventional tactic of reasoning and develop their mental models. Additionally, leaders require acting with their wisdom which assimilates true systems moral imagination, understanding and gene ral sensibility. Main funding firms, institutions, and governments must be encouraged to support programs which may establish new accomplished leaders who may comprehend the dynamics of the system and be in a position to deal with cultural issues. Therefore, with the information provided, I support the statement that systems thinking is critical in developing solutions References Allais R Roucoules L and Reyes T (2017) Governance maturity grid: a transition method for integrating sustainability into companies?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp. 213226. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.069. Domingues A R Lozano R Ceulemans K and Ramos T B (2017) Sustainability reporting in public sector organisations: Exploring the relation between the reporting process and organisational change management for sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, 192, pp. 292301. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.074. Fritz M M C Schggl J P and Baumgartner R J (2017) Selected sustainability aspects for supply chain data exchange: Towards a supply chain-wide sustainability assessment, Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, pp. 587607. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.080. Hallstedt S I (2017) Sustainability criteria and sustainability compliance index for decision support in product development, Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp. 251266. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.068. Hearn J (2013) The sociological significance of domestic violence: Tensions, paradoxes and implications, Current Sociology, 61(2), pp. 152170. doi: 10.1177/0011392112456503. Hubeau M Marchand F Coteur I Mondelaers K Debruyne L and Van Huylenbroeck,G (2017) A new agri-food systems sustainability approach to identify shared transformation pathways towards sustainability, Ecological Economics, 131, pp. 5263. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.019. Kauflin J (2017) The Worlds Most Sustainable Companies 2017, Forbes. doi: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryndill/2016/01/22/the-worlds-most-sustainable-companies-2016/#36d4f4e5965f. Koenen K C Moffitt T E Caspi A Taylor A and Purcell S (2017) Domestic violence is associated with environmental suppression of IQ in young children, Development and Psychopathology, 15, pp. 297311. doi: 10.1017.S0954579403000166. Phillips J and Vandenbroek P (2014) Domestic violence in Australia: an overview of the issues, Parliamentary Library Research Paper. Available at: https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/1246402/upload_binary/1246402.pdf;fileType=application/pdf#search=%22background note (parliamentary library, australia)%22%5Cnhttps://agent.capmon.com/facsnet/cgi-bin/facsserve_document.cgi/facs/p. Rauter R Jonker J and Baumgartner R J (2017) Going ones own way: drivers in developing business models for sustainability, Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp. 144154. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.104. Robinson A (2010) Domestic violence, in Handbook on Crime, pp. 245269. Wijethilake C (2017) Proactive sustainability strategy and corporate sustainability performance: The mediating effect of sustainability control systems, Journal of Environmental Management, 196, pp. 569582. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.057.

Research on the Acoustic Impedance-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the effect of the material acoustic impedance on two major scenarios. Answer: Introduction The propagation of small sound pressure waves through a medium is termed as acoustics. The area has been of great interest to the scholars as attempts are made to scientifically uncover the key aspects of the propagation phenomenon. Notably, acoustic impedance is among the issues that research scientists have focused their energy to develop the concept further with the intention to explain how the phenomenon occurs and the various parameters that can affect it for a given material. In this brief study, great attempts are made to determine the methods and applications involved. Classical deterministic models are often used to mathematically draw a scenario of acoustic impedance and how it depends on the frequency. In this paper, therefore, two methods with accompanying practical applications will be elucidated; such methods as the ultrasound with applications in the spatial compounding. Now, there are two major applications alongside the methods that are currently in use. Therefore, t he aim of this paper is to uncover the fundamental principles and practice in the study of acoustic impedance. Certainly, the paper will greatly serve as a substantive material in the furtherance of acoustic impedance concept in the practical world. Methods of measuring acoustic Impedance The 2-microphone transfer function This method is implemented using an impedance tube with two microphones situated at positions whose distance apart is known. The concept is as follows: An incident wave is propagated from loudspeaker and a reflected wave result. The standing-wave phenomenon can then be used to measure various characteristics like impedance, wavelength and frequency. It should be noted that the tube is in-situ in the set up. The plane wave is made to travel in the duct and the frequency is limited by the geometric properties of the tube such as diameter and speed of sound in air. Mathematically, the upper limit frequency, according to Chalmers (2012) must be: Fu0.58Co/d.(1) The speaker will act as a source of sound wave and the incident pressure wave is denoted PR Notably, the complex sound pressure at the microphone position is given by: P1= P1(x1) + PR(x1)= P1e-jkx1 + PRejkx1(2a) P2= P1(x2) + PR(x2)= P1ejkx2 + PRe-jkx2 The microphone would then detect the signals (both the incident and reflected pressure waves). However, due to internal amplitude and phase between the microphones, the microphone interchange method can be used to minimize this mismatch (Chalmer, 2012). Finally, the transfer function of both the incident and reflecting waves between the microphones can be derived using the general equations 3(a) and 3(b): H1= P1(x2)/P1(x1)= P1e-jkx2/P1e-jkx1= ejks3(a) HR= PR(x2/PR(x1)= PRejkx2/PRejkx1= e-jks3(b) Where s=x2-x1 The reflection coefficient R can then be determined (which is actually the ratio of the complex reflected and incident pressures. Rx=x1= H12-H1/(HR- H12)(3) But note that there is normally a portion of the incident propagating wave that is not reflected but absorbed, that is given by: = 1-/R/2.(4) The surface acoustic impedance is therefore give as: Zs= Zo(1+R)/(1-R) where Zo= PoCo acoustical characteristics impedance of air Effect of frequency on the impedance The acoustical impedance is affected by the source frequency such that low frequency sources result in lower impedance intensity hence reduced impedance level. However, best performance of the set up occurs at a particular low frequency region as given by equation 1. Besides, the diameter of the tube plays a pivotal role on the frequency range allowable in the method. Higher frequency above the given limit is often constrained by the tube diameter. Wave decomposition method In the previous method, consideration was made for plane waves only hence the model is limited to certain applications. However, here the wave decomposition method can cover the oblique-incident and normal pressure waves hence applicable to higher modal order modes (Schultz, Cattafesta Sheplak, 2006). The method depicts a one-dimensional lined duct with an excitation speaker at one end and impedance boundary on the other end. There is normally a material that will be inserted at the duct-end such that during propagation, the material produces, in part, a reflective and reactive boundary hence complex transfer function results. Mathematically, dU/dx(L, t)= -k(1/c)dy/dt(L,t).(5) Where k= complex acoustic impedance X= L,U(L,t)= fluid particle displacement at x=L C= sonic wave speed in the duct (m/s) t = time variable x= spatial variable (m) L= length of the duct (m) Hence equation 2 illustrates how the impedance can be determined using the method once the experiment is performed: Re(T)+iIm(T)= Re(k) cos [w/c(x-L)+i{Im(k)Cos{w/x(x-L)-sin[w/c(x-L)/Re(k) Cos (w/cL)+i{Im(k)cos(wl/c)+sin(wl/c)}(6) The acoustic pressure of the system is proportional to the spatial derivative of the particle displacement P(x,t)= -pc2dU/dx(x,t) Application of Acoustic Impedance The turbofan engine acoustic The two-microphone transfer function method can be used in the turbofan engine to analyze the material acoustics making up the compressor and the turbine. The model first considers the system to be such that the phenomenon occurs in lined ducts with an axial flow of the sound pressure waves. There is need to know the boundary conditions at the walls and at the treatment surfaces (Malmary Carbonne, 2001). According to Malmary Carbonne (2001) the normalized acoustic impedance is given as: Zt= 1/PoCo x (P/vn) . (1) where P= acoustic pressure at a point of the surface of the liner, v = acoustic velocity at the same point, n= normal to the surface of the liner, Co=speed of sound in air and ?= air density However, a part from the layer impedance, there is cavity impedance which must also be factored in hence the total acoustic impedance from the system is given by: Zt= Z-jcot(KL) ... (2) where K= acoustic wave number, K=w/co and L= cavity depth Therefore, critical parameters that will determine the relevance of the model in the practical sense include: the dimensional property of the attenuating medium and the flow characteristics such as mach number, frequency among others which mathematically can be represented as: Z= z(e,d,?,w,/v/, M).(3) Where w= sound pulsation /v/= amplitude of the normal acoustic velocity M= Flow Mach number However, it should be noted that the above model is linearized where the frequency characteristic relates with the acoustic impedance as follows: Firstly, for a perforated pipe, according to Malmary Carbonne (2001) the impedance is given as: Z= r+jX ..(4) Where r= (8vw)0.5/?Co(1+e/d) +1/8?(kd)2 and X= w/?Co[e+8d/3(1-0.7?0.5) +(8v/w)0.5(1+e/d)] However, as pointed out earlier, this model is not sufficient in its entirety so to speak; because the real-world acoustic systems often exhibit non-linear behavior hence a further extension to the method is necessary. However, there are other more specific methods that utilize the acoustic impedance phenomenon with their underlying applications as discussed in the next paragraphs Spatial compounding More often, acoustic impedance measurements could be used in the generation of the ultrasound images but problems of occlusions may hinder the performance in situations where the material acoustic impedance is high. Unlike the other scenarios, where the mean of the impedances can be used in a straight fashion; this case requires the beam intensity to be increased so as to overcome the material impedances. This is what is termed as spatial compounding. Hence often the material acoustic impedance will have to be known from the standardized models after which the system design will take root. Nevertheless, spatial compounding ensures that the ultrasound imaging is a near excellent result while overcoming the layer impedances during propagation (Malmary Carbonne , 2001). References Dingzeyu Li, David, I, Matusik, W Changxi Zheng, C. (2016). Acoustic Voxels: Computational Optimization of Modular Acoustic Filters. Available from: https://www.cs.columbia.edu/cg/lego/acoustic-voxels-siggraph-2016-li-et-al.pdf Malmary, C Carbonne, S. (2001). Acoustic impedance measurement with grazing flow. Available from: https://perso.univ-lemans.fr/~yauregan/publi/AIAA-2001-2193.pdf Rienstra, S.W Hirschberg, A. (2017).An Introduction to Acoustics. Eindhoven University of Technology. Available from: https://www.win.tue.nl/~sjoerdr/papers/boek.pdf Wachinger, C, Shams, R Navab, N. (2008). Estimation of Acoustic Impedance from Multiple Ultrasound Images with Application to Spatial Compounding. Available from : https://campar.in.tum.de/pub/wachinger2008impedance/wachinger2008impedance.pdf Chalmers. (2012). Evaluation of impedance tube methods - A two microphone in-situ method for road surfaces and the three-microphone transfer function method for porous materials. Available from: https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/178260/178260.pdf Utsuno, H., Toshimitsu Tanaka., T Fujikaw., T. (1989). Transfer function method for measuring characteristic impedance and propagation constant of porous materials. Available from: https://spectronics.net/resources/Technical%20Papers/Bulk%20Properties_1.pdf Yunseon, R. (no year). The Acoustic Impedance Measurement System using two microphones. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.612.6612rep=rep1type=pdf Vorlander, M. (2013). Acoustic Measurements. Available from: file:///C:/Users/Otieno/Downloads/9783540240525-c1.pdf Pcfarina. (2006). Acoustic Impedance Measurements. Available from: https://pcfarina.eng.unipr.it/Public/Standing-Wave/ebook_6_impedance.pdf Schultz,T., Cattafesta,L.N Sheplak, M. (2006). Modal decomposition method for acoustic impedance testing in square ducts. Available from: https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.2360423 Hull, J.A. (1992). A Comparison of Acoustic Impedance Measurement Techniques. Submarine Sonar Department. Available from: https://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a255566.pdf Pcfarina. 2006. Acoustic Impedance Measurements. Available from: https://pcfarina.eng.unipr.it/Public/Standing-Wave/ebook_6_impedance.pdf Spatial and Frequency Compounding in Application to Attenuation Estimation in Tissue Ziemowit KLIMONDA, Jerzy LITNIEWSKI, Piotr KARWAT, Andrzej NOWICKI Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Science. Available from: https://www.ippt.pan.pl/Repository/o2659.pdf Thesis. Chapter 3 -Basic Acoustic Modeling. Available from: https://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10232000-10320002/unrestricted/Chap3.pdf Williams, L Wilkins. 2009. Acoustic Impedance. Walters Kluwer Health. Available from: https://www4.uwsp.edu/physastr/kmenning/Phys115/Link5-09_acoustic_impedance.pdf Wolkesson, M. 2013. Evaluation of impedance tube methods - A two microphone in-situ method for road surfaces and the three microphone transfer function method for porous materials Masters Thesis in the Masters programme in Sound and Vibration. Chalmer University of Technology. Available from: https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/178260/178260.pdf